Bluebeard. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images2/oct26_bluebeard_dore.jpg
Caligula. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.cosmoloan.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/caligula.jpg
Charles I. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.vandaprints.com/lowres/39/main/2/14025.jpg
Guy Fawkes. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/guy_fawkes_portrait.jpg
King Solomon. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://csmisforlovers.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/king-solomon.jpg
Nero. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/r/roman/roman_nero.jpg
The Pool of Bethesda. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.fireonyourhead.org/wp-content/uploads/2005/09/at_the_pool_of_bethesda_lg.jpg
The Trimurti. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/39283c1a8b6c.jpg
Sunday, November 29, 2009
Works Cited - Jane Eyre
"The Annotated Bluebeard." SurLaLune Fairy Tales: Annotated Fairy Tales, Fairy Tale Books and Illustrations. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/bluebeard/index.html
"Brahma." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/b/brahma.html
"Caligula: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Caligula#encyclopedia
"Charlotte Brontë Biography - life, family, children, name, death, school, mother, book, old, information, born, marriage, time, year." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bront-Charlotte.html
"First Century Jerusalem - Pool of Bethesda." Bible History Online Images and Resources for Biblical History. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.bible-history.com/jerusalem/firstcenturyjerusalem_pool_of_bethesda.html
"Gulliver's Travels - Notes: The Story." Jaffe Bros. Home Page. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/notes/story.html
"Guy Fawkes (English conspirator) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202931/Guy-Fawkes
"The Gytrash." Juliette Wood. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. www.juliettewood.com/papers/gytrash.pdf
"Juggernaut." Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut
"King Charles the First 1600-1649." British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638-60. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm
"Nero: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nero#encyclopedia
"Resurgam: Definition of resurgam." History, mythology, Ben Franklin, Latin translations, earthquakes... Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.sacklunch.net/Latin/R/resurgam.html
"Solomon." Jewish Virtual Library - Homepage. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html
"Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms, Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment on MedicineNet.com." Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/article.htm
"Typhus | Insects and Society." Department of Entomology. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent211/disease/typhus
"Westward Expansion." Angelfire. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/ca/HistoryGals/Linda.html
"Brahma." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/b/brahma.html
"Caligula: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Caligula#encyclopedia
"Charlotte Brontë Biography - life, family, children, name, death, school, mother, book, old, information, born, marriage, time, year." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bront-Charlotte.html
"First Century Jerusalem - Pool of Bethesda." Bible History Online Images and Resources for Biblical History. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.bible-history.com/jerusalem/firstcenturyjerusalem_pool_of_bethesda.html
"Gulliver's Travels - Notes: The Story." Jaffe Bros. Home Page. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/notes/story.html
"Guy Fawkes (English conspirator) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202931/Guy-Fawkes
"The Gytrash." Juliette Wood. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. www.juliettewood.com/papers/gytrash.pdf
"Juggernaut." Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut
"King Charles the First 1600-1649." British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638-60. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm
"Nero: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nero#encyclopedia
"Resurgam: Definition of resurgam." History, mythology, Ben Franklin, Latin translations, earthquakes... Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.sacklunch.net/Latin/R/resurgam.html
"Solomon." Jewish Virtual Library - Homepage. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html
"Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms, Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment on MedicineNet.com." Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/article.htm
"Typhus | Insects and Society." Department of Entomology. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent211/disease/typhus
"Westward Expansion." Angelfire. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/ca/HistoryGals/Linda.html
The Gytrash
“...a North-of-England spirit, called a 'Gytrash'; which, in the form of horse, mule, or large dog, haunted solitary ways...” (pg. 132)
A gytrash is a mythical animal, often depicted as a large black dog, that supposedly haunted travelers along the roads of Northern England. By referencing this legend, Bronte illustrates that Jane is still young at heart. Simultaneously, Bronte reflects her own attitude toward folklore. It is said that the gytrash was first documented in Jane Eyre, which leaves the reader to assume that Bronte was especially familiar with the tale and, being fond of it, was urged to write it down. Aside from the folklore aspect, this moment in the story is extremely monumental as it is Jane's first encounter with Mr. Rochester. It is ironic that what at first is fantasy in Jane's mind becomes realistic. Originally Jane thinks that what she sees and hears coming down the road (a horse and dog) are gytrashes, but she quickly discovers that it is the amiable Mr. Rochester whom she later falls in love with. This encounter nearly foreshadows Jane and Mr. Rochester's later reunion following Jane hearing her voice being called in the wind. These two encounters, among many others, suggest that they are destined to be together.
"The Gytrash." Juliette Wood. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. www.juliettewood.com/papers/gytrash.pdf
A gytrash is a mythical animal, often depicted as a large black dog, that supposedly haunted travelers along the roads of Northern England. By referencing this legend, Bronte illustrates that Jane is still young at heart. Simultaneously, Bronte reflects her own attitude toward folklore. It is said that the gytrash was first documented in Jane Eyre, which leaves the reader to assume that Bronte was especially familiar with the tale and, being fond of it, was urged to write it down. Aside from the folklore aspect, this moment in the story is extremely monumental as it is Jane's first encounter with Mr. Rochester. It is ironic that what at first is fantasy in Jane's mind becomes realistic. Originally Jane thinks that what she sees and hears coming down the road (a horse and dog) are gytrashes, but she quickly discovers that it is the amiable Mr. Rochester whom she later falls in love with. This encounter nearly foreshadows Jane and Mr. Rochester's later reunion following Jane hearing her voice being called in the wind. These two encounters, among many others, suggest that they are destined to be together.
"The Gytrash." Juliette Wood. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. www.juliettewood.com/papers/gytrash.pdf
Bluebeard
“...like a corridor in some Bluebeard's castle.” (pg. 126)
Bluebeard, or La Barbe Bleu as it was originally titled, is a fairy tale written by Charles Perrault. The tale is about a nobleman, Bluebeard, who marries a young woman against her will. Following their marriage, Bluebeard leaves and gives his new wife the keys to his castle. He forbids her from entering one room in the castle, but once he leaves, she is overcome by curiosity and unlocks the forbidden room. Upon opening the door, she discovers Bluebeard's former wives, all dead. When Bluebeard returns, he knows at once that she has disobeyed him and he threatens to kill her, but she is luckily saved just in time. Bronte references this eerie tale to make a comparison between the young wife and Jane. Jane, who is now employed as a governess, is not yet comfortable with her surroundings and thus feels unnerved as if there were secrets yet to be unearthed. The author also references the tale because of the similarities that Mr. Rochester shares with Bluebeard; Rochester keeps his psychotic wife locked away just as Bluebeard locks his dead wives away. Because of this connection, Rochester is hence looked upon with a negative connotation leading the reader to perceive him as not being the best candidate for Jane's affection. This Bronte may also have referenced this tale because of it's French origin much like Jane's new pupil, Adèle.
"The Annotated Bluebeard." SurLaLune Fairy Tales: Annotated Fairy Tales, Fairy Tale Books and Illustrations. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/bluebeard/index.html
Bluebeard. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images2/oct26_bluebeard_dore.jpg
Women in Society
“She is qualified to teach the usual branches of English education, together with French, Drawing, and Music (in those days, reader, this now narrow catalogue of accomplishments would have been held tolerably comprehensive).” (pg. 103)
During the nineteenth century, women made a large step toward achieving equality. Before this point, women were not allowed to continue their education after grammar school, as they were thought to be unintelligent and incapable of being anything more than housewives. However, after much protest, women proved that they were equally capable and were allowed to attend school and attain a more rounded education. Because Jane states “in those days” the time period of the novel can be assumed to be the earlier to mid 1800s. Also, because this book was written during this time period, it reflects Bronte's personal opinion about women and how they are equally as capable as men. This novel vindicated women's rights and showed that men were not the only key figures in society. In addition to this quote supplying cultural information, the part saying “English education, together with French” essentially foreshadows Jane working with Adèle.
"Westward Expansion." Angelfire. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/ca/HistoryGals/Linda.html
During the nineteenth century, women made a large step toward achieving equality. Before this point, women were not allowed to continue their education after grammar school, as they were thought to be unintelligent and incapable of being anything more than housewives. However, after much protest, women proved that they were equally capable and were allowed to attend school and attain a more rounded education. Because Jane states “in those days” the time period of the novel can be assumed to be the earlier to mid 1800s. Also, because this book was written during this time period, it reflects Bronte's personal opinion about women and how they are equally as capable as men. This novel vindicated women's rights and showed that men were not the only key figures in society. In addition to this quote supplying cultural information, the part saying “English education, together with French” essentially foreshadows Jane working with Adèle.
"Westward Expansion." Angelfire. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/ca/HistoryGals/Linda.html
Resurgam
“...now a gray marble tablet marks the spot, inscribed with her name, and the word 'Resurgam.'” (pg. 98)
The word 'resurgam' is Latin for “I shall rise again.” For most of Helen's life, or at least the amount that the reader becomes familiar with, Helen is dedicated to proving herself to God. Because of Helen's constant concern with religion, it is fitting that Bronte would have this biblical inscription written on her grave. Not only does this latin term emphasize how religious Helen is, it also suggests how important Helen is to Jane and how she essentially “rises again” as Jane grows older. Because of Helen's influence on Jane's life, Jane never loses the morals she acquired from her. It can thus be assumed that Helen, a figurative guardian angel to Jane, is resurrected in spirit.
"Resurgam: Definition of resurgam." History, mythology, Ben Franklin, Latin translations, earthquakes... Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.sacklunch.net/Latin/R/resurgam.html
The word 'resurgam' is Latin for “I shall rise again.” For most of Helen's life, or at least the amount that the reader becomes familiar with, Helen is dedicated to proving herself to God. Because of Helen's constant concern with religion, it is fitting that Bronte would have this biblical inscription written on her grave. Not only does this latin term emphasize how religious Helen is, it also suggests how important Helen is to Jane and how she essentially “rises again” as Jane grows older. Because of Helen's influence on Jane's life, Jane never loses the morals she acquired from her. It can thus be assumed that Helen, a figurative guardian angel to Jane, is resurrected in spirit.
"Resurgam: Definition of resurgam." History, mythology, Ben Franklin, Latin translations, earthquakes... Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.sacklunch.net/Latin/R/resurgam.html
Varying Religious Beliefs
“No, I cannot believe that: I hold another creed...” (pg. 70)
Throughout the novel, Bronte suggests that Jane is not particularly certain with her faith and religious beliefs. Countless times, Bronte references different religions, including Judaism and Hinduism, rather than solely describing Christianity. Even though this is meant to develop Jane as a character, not necessarily as a nonbeliever but simply curious, it also alludes to the author's own beliefs. At one point, Bronte hints at her own uncertainty when she has Jane say “she was going to be taken to the region of spirits, if such region there were.” (pg. 95) It is interesting, too, that some parts of Jane Eyre, for instance attending a religious school, parallel Charlotte Bronte's own life. This parallel, among others, shows how similar the protagonist and author are.
"Charlotte Brontë Biography - life, family, children, name, death, school, mother, book, old, information, born, marriage, time, year." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bront-Charlotte.html
Throughout the novel, Bronte suggests that Jane is not particularly certain with her faith and religious beliefs. Countless times, Bronte references different religions, including Judaism and Hinduism, rather than solely describing Christianity. Even though this is meant to develop Jane as a character, not necessarily as a nonbeliever but simply curious, it also alludes to the author's own beliefs. At one point, Bronte hints at her own uncertainty when she has Jane say “she was going to be taken to the region of spirits, if such region there were.” (pg. 95) It is interesting, too, that some parts of Jane Eyre, for instance attending a religious school, parallel Charlotte Bronte's own life. This parallel, among others, shows how similar the protagonist and author are.
"Charlotte Brontë Biography - life, family, children, name, death, school, mother, book, old, information, born, marriage, time, year." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Bront-Charlotte.html
Tuberculosis
“She was not...with the fever patients; for her complaint was consumption, not typhus...” (pg. 93)
During this era, disease was widespread and there was little doctors could do with the few advancements that had been made in medicine. Consumption, or tuberculosis, was a common disease during the 1800s. It was referred to as such because, without proper treatment, those victimized by it would literally waste away. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs, but it can affect many other organs in the body. Bronte intentionally sets Helen apart from the countless other sufferers in order to emphasize her undying strength. By portraying her as being indifferent to the fact that she is going to die (having her willingly accept her fate) Bronte depicts her as a true martyr. Here, Bronte suggests that sacrifice is sometimes necessary. Helen's sacrifice is necessary in the sense that it will build character in Jane and show her how to be strong.
"Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms, Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment on MedicineNet.com." Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/article.htm
During this era, disease was widespread and there was little doctors could do with the few advancements that had been made in medicine. Consumption, or tuberculosis, was a common disease during the 1800s. It was referred to as such because, without proper treatment, those victimized by it would literally waste away. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs, but it can affect many other organs in the body. Bronte intentionally sets Helen apart from the countless other sufferers in order to emphasize her undying strength. By portraying her as being indifferent to the fact that she is going to die (having her willingly accept her fate) Bronte depicts her as a true martyr. Here, Bronte suggests that sacrifice is sometimes necessary. Helen's sacrifice is necessary in the sense that it will build character in Jane and show her how to be strong.
"Tuberculosis (TB) Symptoms, Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment on MedicineNet.com." Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.medicinenet.com/tuberculosis/article.htm
Typhus Fever
“Many, already smitten, went home only to die: some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the malady forbidding delay.” (pg.92)
One of the most widespread maladies during the 1800s was typhus fever. Typhus fever is a disease transmitted by lice and fleas, and it is most rampant during periods of famine or in poor living conditions where people are crowded together and lack personal hygiene. Bronte references typhus fever as a means to provide realism to the text. By describing the many children around Jane dying from this infectious disease, Bronte shows how tightly knit and how poor the living conditions at Lowood are, especially in the winter, which in turn creates personal struggle for the protagonist. This personal struggle of trying to comprehend why everyone is so ill and wanting to prevent it from happening (which is most prominent with Helen) demonstrates Jane's determination and strength.
"Typhus | Insects and Society." Department of Entomology. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent211/disease/typhus
One of the most widespread maladies during the 1800s was typhus fever. Typhus fever is a disease transmitted by lice and fleas, and it is most rampant during periods of famine or in poor living conditions where people are crowded together and lack personal hygiene. Bronte references typhus fever as a means to provide realism to the text. By describing the many children around Jane dying from this infectious disease, Bronte shows how tightly knit and how poor the living conditions at Lowood are, especially in the winter, which in turn creates personal struggle for the protagonist. This personal struggle of trying to comprehend why everyone is so ill and wanting to prevent it from happening (which is most prominent with Helen) demonstrates Jane's determination and strength.
"Typhus | Insects and Society." Department of Entomology. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent211/disease/typhus
King Solomon
“...Solomon...” (pg. 89)
Solomon was the biblical king of Israel. He was known for his wisdom, wealth, and power, but beyond these attributes, Solomon was most recognized for building the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. According to Judaism, even though King Solomon was accredited with the construction of the first temple, more commonly known as Solomon's Temple, he also committed many sins which led his kingdom to being torn apart. It seems that Bronte purposely mentions Solomon in order to continue the uncertainty and doubt that Jane has in her faith and beliefs.
"Solomon." Jewish Virtual Library - Homepage. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html
King Solomon. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://csmisforlovers.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/king-solomon.jpg
To Be
“I learned the first two tenses of the verb Etre...” (pg. 88)
The French verb etre is translated as “to be” in English. In most cases, when learning French, this verb is the first to be taught. When conjugated, the tenses are: je suis (I am), tu as (you are), etc. It seems most fitting that Jane would learn this simplistic verb form because she is learning to be someone different; she is becoming a more refined and sophisticated individual. Bronte chose this verb for Jane to learn in order to illustrate her growth.
The French verb etre is translated as “to be” in English. In most cases, when learning French, this verb is the first to be taught. When conjugated, the tenses are: je suis (I am), tu as (you are), etc. It seems most fitting that Jane would learn this simplistic verb form because she is learning to be someone different; she is becoming a more refined and sophisticated individual. Bronte chose this verb for Jane to learn in order to illustrate her growth.
The Pool of Bethesda
“...the Jews of old sent their diseased to the troubled pool of Bethesda...” (pg. 79)
The pool of Bethesda was a water hole where invalids, the sick, were sent in order to cleanse themselves. The pool supposedly had mysteriously troubled waters that possessed the ability to heal those who waded inside. According to the Bible, it was here that Jesus healed a man who had been lame for thirty-eight years. Bronte, through Brocklehurst, makes a comparison between Lowood and the pool of Bethesda. The two parallel each other in that Jane was sent to Lowood by Mrs. Reed, much like the invalids were sent the pool, in order to be healed. Although Jane is not "healed" in the literal sense while attending Lowood, she does build character and becomes an educated young woman. This essentially prepares her for the many trials she will encounter outside of Lowood.
"First Century Jerusalem - Pool of Bethesda." Bible History Online Images and Resources for Biblical History. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.bible-history.com/jerusalem/firstcenturyjerusalem_pool_of_bethesda.html
The Pool of Bethesda. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.fireonyourhead.org/wp-content/uploads/2005/09/at_the_pool_of_bethesda_lg.jpg
Brahma and Juggernaut
“...a little heathen who says its prayers to Brahma and kneels before Juggernaut...” (pg. 79)
Brahma is one of the three gods among the Hindu triad. He is the creator god and it is said that the universe and all living beings evolved from him. Juggernaut is an alternative name for another god in the Hindu triad, Vishnu. Vishnu is thought as the preserver of the universe and is considered the lord of the world. Bronte references these iconic Hindu figures in order to show that, during this time period, worshipping religions other than Christianity was looked down upon. In this case, Brocklehurst claims that Jane has behaved badly and is a liar, and in doing so compares her to a worshipper of the Hindi faith as if she were a disgrace. Bronte probably meant for this quote to be ambiguous. When looked at from a different perspective, however, Brocklehurst can be put in the position of Juggernaut, an unstoppable force and god-like figure at Lowood, and Jane is essentially kneeling before him.
"Brahma." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/b/brahma.html
"Juggernaut." Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut
The Trimurti. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/39283c1a8b6c.jpg
Thursday, November 26, 2009
King Charles I
“Still, I like Charles – I respect him – I pity him, poor murdered king!” (pg. 68)
Charles I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. Upon his ascension to the throne, Charles I was confronted with multiple burdens including abundant financial problems, an overall mismanagement of affairs, and an eventual civil war. Due to the controversial issues that plagued his reign, Charles I was accused of treason and executed. The dignity that Charles I showed during his trial and execution gained him sympathy which led many to believe him to be a martyr. Bronte references Charles I because of his importance to British culture. Helen's reaction to Charles I's mentioning develops her as a character. Her reaction also alludes to a connection that she and Charles I share. It isn't until later, when Helen dies, that the reader realizes how similarly martyr-like the two are, or at least in the sense that both “went softly.” Bronte purposely sets Helen in certain circumstances, such as this, in order to show her genuine qualities.
"King Charles the First 1600-1649." British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638-60. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm
Charles I. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.vandaprints.com/lowres/39/main/2/14025.jpg
Turning Point/Foreshadowing
“I was left there alone – winner of the field. It was the hardest battle I had fought, and the first victory I had gained.” (pg. 45)
Although, when taken into context, this moment signifies Jane's first victory against Mrs. Reed, it also signifies a turning point in Jane's life. Following this confrontation with Mrs. Reed, it is clear that Jane's life begins to change; she is shortly after dismissed from the Reed household, and even though it can be perceived as punishment, it is undeniably a chance for Jane to better her life. In essence, this moment foreshadows Jane's later victories and personal accomplishments. Bronte words this moment as being “the first victory” in order to give insight into the future. By wording it as such, Bronte also provides her protagonist with not necessarily defiant characteristics, but with a certain strength that will enable her to achieve greater things (her later success in school, for example)
Although, when taken into context, this moment signifies Jane's first victory against Mrs. Reed, it also signifies a turning point in Jane's life. Following this confrontation with Mrs. Reed, it is clear that Jane's life begins to change; she is shortly after dismissed from the Reed household, and even though it can be perceived as punishment, it is undeniably a chance for Jane to better her life. In essence, this moment foreshadows Jane's later victories and personal accomplishments. Bronte words this moment as being “the first victory” in order to give insight into the future. By wording it as such, Bronte also provides her protagonist with not necessarily defiant characteristics, but with a certain strength that will enable her to achieve greater things (her later success in school, for example)
Guy Fawkes
“...gave me credit for being a sort of infantine Guy Fawkes.” (pg. 31)
Guy Fawkes is historically known as being involved in The Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was one of the predominant members of the Roman Catholic group that attempted to blow up the Houses of Parliament. The Gunpowder Plot was led by Robert Catesby, but Guy Fawkes has become the most renowned conspirator of the group due to him being found with the gunpowder that was to destroy the Houses of Parliament. Following his discovery, Fawkes was arrested, tortured, and hanged. Bronte references Guy Fawkes in order to demonstrate how stubborn Miss Abbott is in relation to Jane. When she says that Jane is “always...watching everybody, and scheming plots underhand” as Guy Fawkes did, it also illustrates how she tends to exaggerate in order to belittle Jane. In addition to this, this description of Jane could hold some truth because Jane is often perceived as being curious and thus mischievous.
"Guy Fawkes (English conspirator) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202931/Guy-Fawkes
Guy Fawkes. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.harpers.org/media/image/blogs/misc/guy_fawkes_portrait.jpg
Gulliver's Travels
“Bessie asked if I would have a book: the word book acted as a transient stimulus, and I begged her to fetch 'Gulliver's Travels'...” (pg. 25)
Gulliver's Travels is a novel that was written by Jonathan Swift. It recounts the story of Lemuel Gulliver, a master of all trades and an avid traveler, who journeys to faraway, surrealistic lands. Bronte chose this novel as the object of Jane's desire not only because of its child-intriguing, fairy tale-esque plot, but because of its protagonist bearing a similarity with Jane. Often times, both characters are depicted as being outsiders. For instance, in Gulliver's Travels, there are multiple circumstances in which Gulliver finds himself surrounded by varyingly sized people making him stand apart from the rest, and in turn, making him unwelcome. In much the same way, Bronte depicts Jane as not fitting properly in the Reed household. However, both characters share the same quality of wanting to be accepted and not constantly shunned. Aside from the connection made between Gulliver and Jane, this quote shows precisely how inquisitive Jane is and how she strives for knowledge.
"Gulliver's Travels - Notes: The Story." Jaffe Bros. Home Page. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/notes/story.html
Gulliver's Travels is a novel that was written by Jonathan Swift. It recounts the story of Lemuel Gulliver, a master of all trades and an avid traveler, who journeys to faraway, surrealistic lands. Bronte chose this novel as the object of Jane's desire not only because of its child-intriguing, fairy tale-esque plot, but because of its protagonist bearing a similarity with Jane. Often times, both characters are depicted as being outsiders. For instance, in Gulliver's Travels, there are multiple circumstances in which Gulliver finds himself surrounded by varyingly sized people making him stand apart from the rest, and in turn, making him unwelcome. In much the same way, Bronte depicts Jane as not fitting properly in the Reed household. However, both characters share the same quality of wanting to be accepted and not constantly shunned. Aside from the connection made between Gulliver and Jane, this quote shows precisely how inquisitive Jane is and how she strives for knowledge.
"Gulliver's Travels - Notes: The Story." Jaffe Bros. Home Page. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/notes/story.html
Roman Emperors
“I...had formed my opinion of Nero, Caligula, etc. Also, I had drawn parallels in silence...” (pg. 13)
Nero and Caligula were both emperors of the Roman Empire. Caligula reigned from 37 to 41 AD and Nero reigned from 54 to 68 AD. Both were emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and both are associated with tyranny and extravagance. There are several connections, or “parallels” as Jane says, that can be made between these infamous noble figures and the character of Jane Eyre. The most obvious connection is the cruelty observed in John Reed toward Jane. Jane even states that John is “like a murderer...like a slave-driver...like the Roman emperors,” which coincides perfectly with cruelty demonstrated by Caligula and Nero. Bronte also references these emperors because Mrs. Reed shares the same tyrannical nature which she governs the household with. Not only that, but Bronte chose to mention Caligula and Nero because they were both adopted as children much like Jane Eyre. Although there are similarities between the lifestyles of Jane and these emperors, Jane does not reflect their austerity. She is portrayed with a much more genuine heart. In addition to all of these connections, the fact that Jane is knowledgeable of such figures at such a young age shows that she is not only intelligent, but strives to learn.
"Caligula: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Caligula#encyclopedia
"Nero: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 26 Nov. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nero#encyclopedia
Nero. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/r/roman/roman_nero.jpg
Caligula. Digital image. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. http://www.cosmoloan.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/caligula.jpg
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Photos Cited - Mrs. Dalloway
Albert Einstein. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://agoldenworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/albert_einstein_-325x378.png
Artemis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4619937/artemis_Full.jpg
Athena. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.gnosticeditions.com/images/goddess-athena.jpg
Big Ben. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://greggayden.com/europe05/Big%20Ben.jpg
Buckingham Palace Guards. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/ffximage/2008/09/01/470buckpalace,0.jpg
Gregor Mendel. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.dobermann-review.com/info/genetics/mendels_genetic_laws/Gregor%20Mendel.jpg
House of Windsor Coat of Arms. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/windsor/arms_windsor.gif
Louis XVI Execution. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg
Percy Bysshe Shelley. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/pictures/percy_bysshe_shelley.jpg
Plato. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bwog.net/uploads/plato_bust.jpg
Spirit of St. Louis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.behindthegreen.org/storage/images/tallmantz6.jpg
William Morris. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/WilliamMorris/wmface1.jpg
WWI - Battle. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://adcguides.com/images/wwi.jpg
Artemis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4619937/artemis_Full.jpg
Athena. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.gnosticeditions.com/images/goddess-athena.jpg
Big Ben. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://greggayden.com/europe05/Big%20Ben.jpg
Buckingham Palace Guards. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/ffximage/2008/09/01/470buckpalace,0.jpg
Gregor Mendel. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.dobermann-review.com/info/genetics/mendels_genetic_laws/Gregor%20Mendel.jpg
House of Windsor Coat of Arms. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/windsor/arms_windsor.gif
Louis XVI Execution. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg
Percy Bysshe Shelley. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/pictures/percy_bysshe_shelley.jpg
Plato. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bwog.net/uploads/plato_bust.jpg
Spirit of St. Louis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.behindthegreen.org/storage/images/tallmantz6.jpg
William Morris. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/WilliamMorris/wmface1.jpg
WWI - Battle. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://adcguides.com/images/wwi.jpg
Works Cited - Mrs. Dalloway
"Albert Einstein (American physicist) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein
"Artemis." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/artemis.html
"Athena." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/
"City of Westminster." Wikipedia. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster
"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm
"French Revolution (1787-99)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219315/French-Revolution
"Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)." Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php
"House of Windsor." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor
"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/
"Inventions: Airplane." Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/airplane.html
"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot
"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html
"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/
"Percy Bysshe Shelley." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley
"Plato - History for Kids!" Kidipede. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/philosophy/plato.htm
"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees
"WikiAnswers - What were the main causes of World War 1." WikiAnswers. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_main_causes_of_World_War_1
"William Morris - a brief biography." Needlepoint kits from Beth Russell Needlepoint - Pillows,cushions,rugs - William Morris design. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/William-Morris.htm
"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm
"Artemis." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/artemis.html
"Athena." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/
"City of Westminster." Wikipedia. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster
"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm
"French Revolution (1787-99)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219315/French-Revolution
"Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)." Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php
"House of Windsor." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor
"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/
"Inventions: Airplane." Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/airplane.html
"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot
"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html
"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/
"Percy Bysshe Shelley." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley
"Plato - History for Kids!" Kidipede. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/philosophy/plato.htm
"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees
"WikiAnswers - What were the main causes of World War 1." WikiAnswers. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_main_causes_of_World_War_1
"William Morris - a brief biography." Needlepoint kits from Beth Russell Needlepoint - Pillows,cushions,rugs - William Morris design. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/William-Morris.htm
"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm
Women's Rights
“…punish her for saying that women should have votes.” (pg. 181)
Before the early 1900’s, women had few to no rights inside or outside of the household. Women were especially hindered from having any say in politics. It wasn’t until the 1920s that women’s rights began taking shape. In the United States, women were granted the right to vote when the 19th amendment was passed in 1920. The United Kingdom, however, did not grant women the right to vote until 1928. Woolf references women’s rights not only to show the cultural outlook of women in society during this time period, but also to stress Sally’s radical behavior.
"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm
Before the early 1900’s, women had few to no rights inside or outside of the household. Women were especially hindered from having any say in politics. It wasn’t until the 1920s that women’s rights began taking shape. In the United States, women were granted the right to vote when the 19th amendment was passed in 1920. The United Kingdom, however, did not grant women the right to vote until 1928. Woolf references women’s rights not only to show the cultural outlook of women in society during this time period, but also to stress Sally’s radical behavior.
"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm
Nationalism
“Boys in uniform, carrying guns, marched…on their faces an expression like…gratitude, fidelity, love of England.” (pg. 51)
Nationalism is defined as the attitude that the citizens of a nation have when they care about their national identity and the actions they make to preserve this identity. Throughout history nationalism can be traced in many cultures. This is especially true for Great Britain. Great Britain has always taken a great pride in its status as a super power. Historically recognized as being dominant, militarily and imperialistically, the citizens of Great Britain are known for their patriotism. Woolf’s sole purpose in referencing nationalism in Great Britain is to show how important it is and to give the reader a better feel for the culture. Woolf furthers the message of patriotism being important by saying that much of the population seems “ready to attend their Sovereign, if need be, to the cannon’s mouth, as their ancestors had done before them.”
From such characters as Septimus Warren Smith, it can be assumed that Woolf believes nationalism to be an important part of Great Britain's culture. At the same time, however, she portrays Septimus as being mentally ill as a result of being in the war which leads the reader to believe that she is equally aware of the negative aspects of being patriotic.
"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/
Photo Credit: Buckingham Palace Guards. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/ffximage/2008/09/01/470buckpalace,0.jpg
Renowned Visionaries
“…read Plato in bed before breakfast; read Morris; read Shelley by the hour.” (pg. 33)
Plato is one of the most renowned philosophers of all time. He was a Greek thinker who contributed in laying the foundation of Western philosophy and science. Woolf references this historical figure in order to make a connection with the visionary ideas of Sally and Clarissa who plan to establish their own society. William Morris was an English writer, artist, designer and socialist. Apart from his creative endeavors, Morris wrote several socialist doctrines. Though Sally and Clarissa may have been intrigued by Morris’ decorative work, Woolf references Morris to exploit the radical goals all three share. Percy Bysshe Shelley was an influential English poet and novelist. Shelley, who is considered to be one of the greatest lyric poets of his time, was also said to be an idealist. Woolf includes Shelley because of the similarities between his idealistic views and those of the two women.
"Plato - History for Kids!" Kidipede. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/philosophy/plato.htm
"William Morris - a brief biography." Needlepoint kits from Beth Russell Needlepoint. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/William-Morris.htm
"Percy Bysshe Shelley." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley
Photo Credit: Plato. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bwog.net/uploads/plato_bust.jpg
William Morris. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/WilliamMorris/wmface1.jpg
Percy Bysshe Shelley. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/pictures/percy_bysshe_shelley.jpg
The French Revolution
“…an ancestor had been with Marie Antoinette, had his head cut off…” (pg. 33)
The French Revolution, which is alluded to in this quote, occurred during the late 18th century. It was a period of political and social upheaval which reached its height in 1789. The purpose of this revolution was to overthrow the French monarchy and reform the government. It was during this frenzied time period that beheading became popular as a form of execution. The execution of King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette marked the beginning of a new era for France. Woolf references the French Revolution to develop the character of Sally Seton. Sally is portrayed as being an eccentric, opinionated woman. This claim of being related to a former French aristocrat merely adds to her wild, somewhat exaggerated persona.
"French Revolution (1787-99)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219315/French-Revolution
Photo Credit: Louis XVI Execution. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg
Baron Marbot's Memoirs
“…she had read deep in Baron Marbot’s Memoirs. She had read late at night of the retreat from Moscow.” (pg. 31)
Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot was a French general who lived during the 18th and 19th centuries and fought alongside Napolean. He has become most famous for his biography which gives insight into the Napoleonic age of warfare. In Memoirs, Marbot recounts the battles that result in Napoleon’s unsuccessful taking of Russia. Woolf references this book to show war’s impact on society. Using this book as Clarissa’s choice of reading material also creates a contrast between what is expected of Clarissa and her actual personality. This is key in developing Clarissa's character. This abnormal (at least for this time period) interest shows how multitiered her personality is and sets her even further apart from the other characters.
"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot
Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot was a French general who lived during the 18th and 19th centuries and fought alongside Napolean. He has become most famous for his biography which gives insight into the Napoleonic age of warfare. In Memoirs, Marbot recounts the battles that result in Napoleon’s unsuccessful taking of Russia. Woolf references this book to show war’s impact on society. Using this book as Clarissa’s choice of reading material also creates a contrast between what is expected of Clarissa and her actual personality. This is key in developing Clarissa's character. This abnormal (at least for this time period) interest shows how multitiered her personality is and sets her even further apart from the other characters.
"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot
Mythology
“…Mrs. Dalloway’s parasol…like a sacred weapon which a Goddess, having acquitted herself honourably in the field of battle, sheds…” (pg. 30)
Although there is no particular Goddess being alluded to here, several women of myth can fit this description. In Greek mythology, the goddesses Artemis and Athena both bear “sacred” weapons. Artemis, the Goddess of the hunt, is often depicted carrying a bow and arrows. Athena, the Goddess of wisdom and strategic battle, is frequently portrayed with a shield and lance. Woolf references a Goddess in order to make a connection to Clarissa’s personality and behavior. She attributes Clarissa with such divine qualities to accentuate her role as a leader and visionary in her society.
"Artemis." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/artemis.html
"Athena." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
Photo Credit: Artemis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4619937/artemis_Full.jpg
Athena. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.gnosticeditions.com/images/goddess-athena.jpg
Renowned Scientists
“…Einstein, speculation, mathematics, the Mendelian theory…” (pg. 28)
Albert Einstein is considered to be the most influential physicist of the twentieth century. He is best known for his theory of relativity which earned him a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921. Gregor Mendel was a monk and scientist who is accredited with conceiving the theory of heredity. Through his observations of pea plants, Mendel discovered what has now become the science of genetics. Woolf references these well known figures to add depth and realism to the story. Although, in context, these allusions are used to develop some of the minor characters, they are included because of their reputations and cultural importance.
"Albert Einstein (American physicist) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein
"Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)." Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php
Photo Credit: Albert Einstein. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://agoldenworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/albert_einstein_-325x378.png
Gregor Mendel. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.dobermann-review.com/info/genetics/mendels_genetic_laws/Gregor%20Mendel.jpg
Shell Shock
“…it was cowardly for a man to say he would kill himself, but Septimus had fought; he was brave; he was not Septimus now.” (pg. 23)
In this description of Septimus Warren Smith, shell shock is subtly alluded to. Shell shock, which is referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder today, was a term used to described the psychological trauma suffered by many veterans of World War I. Common symptoms of shell shock included panic attacks, depression, and flashbacks of certain disturbing events. Woolf alludes to shell shock in order to develop Septimus as a character. She also mentions his contemplations of suicide to foreshadow his eventual demise.
"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm
In this description of Septimus Warren Smith, shell shock is subtly alluded to. Shell shock, which is referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder today, was a term used to described the psychological trauma suffered by many veterans of World War I. Common symptoms of shell shock included panic attacks, depression, and flashbacks of certain disturbing events. Woolf alludes to shell shock in order to develop Septimus as a character. She also mentions his contemplations of suicide to foreshadow his eventual demise.
"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm
Aviation
“The sound of an aeroplane bored ominously into the ears of the crowd…letting out white smoke from behind…making letters in the sky!” (pg. 20)
In the early twentieth century, aviation intrigued all classes of the world. At first, the airplane’s invention was looked upon with skepticism due to the inherent dangers of flying, but by the 1920s it had become a great success. Airplanes initially debuted in World War I and were used for reconnaissance missions and attacks. They were, however, viewed as being impractical having only been in existence for merely a decade. Following the war, they began gaining recognition at fairs and carnivals where they did aerial stunts and were a form of entertainment. Woolf references aviation because of its popularity during the 1920s. She shows how the people of this time period were not fully accustomed to flying yet still severely intrigued through her description of the townspeople becoming captivated upon sighting the “aeroplane.”
Not only does the aeroplane serve as cultural context, but it also symbolizes flight and time in relation to speed. Flight is frequently observed in the novel though usually not in its literal sense, for instance when Septimus jumps out a window and "flies" to his death. There is a constant focus on time due to the book essentially being a countdown to the party. The common phrase "time flies" corresponds perfectly with the speed of the aeroplane.
"Inventions: Airplane." Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/airplane.html
Photo Credit: Spirit of St. Louis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.behindthegreen.org/storage/images/tallmantz6.jpg
The House of Windsor
“In public house in a back street a Colonial insulted the House of Windsor which led to words, broken beer glasses, and a general shindy…” (pg. 18)
The House of Windsor is the name of the royal house, or dynasty, which has reigned in the United Kingdom since 1917. During the time period of this novel, King George V was the head of the House of Windsor. Woolf includes this reference because it provides the reader with cultural information concerning the sovereignty of the country. Although the British monarchy is not the nation’s chief form of government, it remains in tact for symbolic and nationalistic reasons. In addition to this, this reference also suggests the importance of identity and patriotism.
"House of Windsor." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor
Photo Credit: House of Windsor Coat of Arms. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/windsor/arms_windsor.gif
Bond Street
“Bond Street fascinated her…its flags flying; its shops; no splash; no glitter…” (pg. 11)
Bond Street is a famous thoroughfare located in London’s West End. Since its establishment in 1700, Bond Street has become widely renowned for its elegant and luxurious shops and restaurants. Woolf references this London location because of its direct relation to Clarissa as well as several other women characters in the story. The women of this era were often concerned with fashion and self image.
Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/
Bond Street is a famous thoroughfare located in London’s West End. Since its establishment in 1700, Bond Street has become widely renowned for its elegant and luxurious shops and restaurants. Woolf references this London location because of its direct relation to Clarissa as well as several other women characters in the story. The women of this era were often concerned with fashion and self image.
Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/
Robert Smith Surtees
“There were Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities; there were Soapy Sponge…” (pg. 10)
The two titles mentioned here allude to the literature of English author Robert Smith Surtees. Jaunts and Jollities, a collection of essays, and Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour, the novel referred to by the mentioning of “soapy sponge,” both focus on hunting-enthused protagonists. Woolf references these books perhaps to show Clarissa’s ignorance which ultimately helps in developing her character. Clarissa has, up until this point, been described as being somewhat feminine, so it makes sense for her to disregard the plots of these novels in response to their flowery titles.
"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees
The two titles mentioned here allude to the literature of English author Robert Smith Surtees. Jaunts and Jollities, a collection of essays, and Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour, the novel referred to by the mentioning of “soapy sponge,” both focus on hunting-enthused protagonists. Woolf references these books perhaps to show Clarissa’s ignorance which ultimately helps in developing her character. Clarissa has, up until this point, been described as being somewhat feminine, so it makes sense for her to disregard the plots of these novels in response to their flowery titles.
"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees
Shakespeare
“Fear no more the heat o' the sun Nor the furious winter's rages.” (pg. 9)
This poetic verse is an excerpt from one of William Shakespeare’s many poems. This particular poem focuses on death and how realistic worries become insignificant when one dies. The poem includes such lines as “thy worldly task hast done,” “all must…come to dust,” and “Quiet consummation have; And renownéd be thy grave” which all emphasize the message of death and its consequences. Woolf strategically places these lines within the story to establish irony. It just so happens that Clarissa had been contemplating death momentarily before viewing the first couplet of this funeral like poem. The message observed in this poem can also be connected to Septimus Warren Smith who frequently thinks of suicide following his involvement in the war. This poem also indirectly relates to the author, Virginia Woolf, who committed suicide several years following the publishing of this novel.
"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html
This poetic verse is an excerpt from one of William Shakespeare’s many poems. This particular poem focuses on death and how realistic worries become insignificant when one dies. The poem includes such lines as “thy worldly task hast done,” “all must…come to dust,” and “Quiet consummation have; And renownéd be thy grave” which all emphasize the message of death and its consequences. Woolf strategically places these lines within the story to establish irony. It just so happens that Clarissa had been contemplating death momentarily before viewing the first couplet of this funeral like poem. The message observed in this poem can also be connected to Septimus Warren Smith who frequently thinks of suicide following his involvement in the war. This poem also indirectly relates to the author, Virginia Woolf, who committed suicide several years following the publishing of this novel.
"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html
The Serpentine
“She remembered once throwing a schilling into the Serpentine.” (pg. 9)
The Serpentine is a famous artificial lake located in Hyde Park in London. It was created in the 1730’s at the request of Queen Caroline. Since its establishment it has become a popular recreational attraction that boasts boating and swimming. Hyde Park as well as the neighboring Kensington Gardens and St. James’ Park are equally popular sites that commonly host celebrations and concerts. Woolf refers to the Serpentine and the adjacent parks to illustrate the elaborate setting. She also uses these locations to prompt Clarissa into having flashbacks of her youth and her previous acquaintances with such people as Peter Walsh.
Woolf intentionally references the Serpentine because of its name. Serpentine, meaning characteristic of a snake, metaphorically relates to the "winding course" of Clarissa's busy day. Also, much like the movement of a snake, Clarissa's thoughts and attitudes shift regularly throughout the novel.
"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/
The Serpentine is a famous artificial lake located in Hyde Park in London. It was created in the 1730’s at the request of Queen Caroline. Since its establishment it has become a popular recreational attraction that boasts boating and swimming. Hyde Park as well as the neighboring Kensington Gardens and St. James’ Park are equally popular sites that commonly host celebrations and concerts. Woolf refers to the Serpentine and the adjacent parks to illustrate the elaborate setting. She also uses these locations to prompt Clarissa into having flashbacks of her youth and her previous acquaintances with such people as Peter Walsh.
Woolf intentionally references the Serpentine because of its name. Serpentine, meaning characteristic of a snake, metaphorically relates to the "winding course" of Clarissa's busy day. Also, much like the movement of a snake, Clarissa's thoughts and attitudes shift regularly throughout the novel.
"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/
World War I
“…it was the middle of June. The War was over…” (pg. 5)
The Great War, otherwise known as World War I, began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. This four year long war involved many of the great powers of the world battling each other in two opposing alliances; the Allied Forces and the Central Powers. The reason for this massive conflict can easily be linked to hegemony, the domination of other nations by one power. The war had a profound impact on Europe and its denizens. Woolf includes this reference to establish the time period. By referencing the end of the war, Woolf also creates a relieved or pleasant tone which persists over the course of the novel.
"WikiAnswers - What were the main causes of World War 1." WikiAnswers. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_main_causes_of_World_War_1
Photo Credit: WWI - Battle. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://adcguides.com/images/wwi.jpg
Westminster
“…in Westminster…one feels even in the midst of the traffic, or walking at night…a particular hush, or solemnity; an indescribable pause; a suspense…before Big Ben strikes.” (pg. 4)
The city of Westminster is a borough of the greater city of London. This portion of London is the seat of the United Kingdom’s government and is often referred to as the West End. Many well-known landmarks are located in this area including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and Big Ben (as alluded to in the quote). In addition to being common tourist attractions, these landmarks are especially important to the Great Britain’s culture. Woolf alludes to Westminster and the iconic Big Ben within the first few pages of the story in order to establish the setting. Her description of the anticipation preceding the ringing of Big Ben also suggests the dignity and pride that the reader soon discovers in the Londoners of the story.
"City of Westminster." Wikipedia. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster
Photo Credit: Big Ben. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://greggayden.com/europe05/Big%20Ben.jpg
Photos Cited - Heart of Darkness
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Witch Doctor. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://ingoodfaith.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/shona_witch_doctor.jpg
The Congo River. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://kim.uing.net/files/media_file_11458.jpg
Eldorado. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/picture-1-41.png
The Fates. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/RM/AGoldenThreadStrudwick.jpg
Fleet Street. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://photos.igougo.com/images/p339989-London-Fleet_Street.jpg
Harlequin. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/files/images/arlecchino.jpg
Ivory Trade. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg
Jupiter. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t631/T631138A.jpg
The River Thames. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.loguk.com/life/images/2007/11/21/thames.jpg
Siddhartha Gautama. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://ttsworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/buddha.jpg
Sir Francis Drake. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/caribbean/francis-drake.jpg
Sir John Franklin and the Northwest Passage Expedition. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.expeterra.com/images/franklin.jpeg
Sleeping Beauty. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Sleeping_beauty_by_Edward_Burne-Jones.jpg
Witch Doctor. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://ingoodfaith.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/shona_witch_doctor.jpg
Works Cited - Heart of Darkness
"Adobe." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe
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"British colonialism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about British colonialism." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/British+colonialism
"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html
"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html
"Eldorado, The Mystical Place of Gold and Treasures." Welcome to the website of kaiku. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.kaiku.com/eldorado.html
"Fleet Street -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street
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"History Of Gravesend." Kent Business Directory - Free Business Listings. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.kentfind.co.uk/about/gravesend/history.php
"Howstuffworks "How the Congo River Works"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/congo-river.htm/printable
"HowStuffWorks "Ivory"" Howstuffworks "Animals" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/ivory-info.htm
"HowStuffWorks "Sir John Franklin"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/polar-history/sir-john-franklin.htm
"Inferno (Dante)." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html
"Knights Templar -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
"Mephistopheles: Encyclopedia - Mephistopheles." Global Oneness. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mephistopheles/id/524767
"MOIRAE : Greek goddesses of fate & destiny ; mythology : MOIRAI, MOIRA, AISA, PARCAE." THEOI GREEK MYTHOLOGY. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Moirai.html
"Origin of Lady of Justice." Legal History and Philosophy. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.commonlaw.com/Justice.html
River Thames and boaty things. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/environ.htm
"Search For Alien Life No New Thing - Space News - redOrbit." RedOrbit. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1630742/search_for_alien_life_no_new_thing/
"Sir Francis Drake." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/drake.html
"The Voyage." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/voyage.html
"What Is - An Introduction to Buddhism for Beginners." Buddhism. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/a/basicshub.htm
"Whited sepulchre - definition of whited sepulchre by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whited+sepulchre
"WikiAnswers - What function or purpose is a 'witch doctor' in african tribes." WikiAnswers. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_function_or_purpose_is_a_%27witch_doctor%27_in_african_tribes
"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw
"Zeus definition of Zeus in the Free Online ." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zeus
"Alienist: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alienist
"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant
"British colonialism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about British colonialism." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/British+colonialism
"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html
"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html
"Eldorado, The Mystical Place of Gold and Treasures." Welcome to the website of kaiku. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.kaiku.com/eldorado.html
"Fleet Street -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street
"Harlequin Definition | Definition of Harlequin at Dictionary.com." Dictionary.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/harlequin
"History Of Gravesend." Kent Business Directory - Free Business Listings. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.kentfind.co.uk/about/gravesend/history.php
"Howstuffworks "How the Congo River Works"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/congo-river.htm/printable
"HowStuffWorks "Ivory"" Howstuffworks "Animals" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/ivory-info.htm
"HowStuffWorks "Sir John Franklin"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/polar-history/sir-john-franklin.htm
"Inferno (Dante)." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html
"Knights Templar -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
"Mephistopheles: Encyclopedia - Mephistopheles." Global Oneness. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mephistopheles/id/524767
"MOIRAE : Greek goddesses of fate & destiny ; mythology : MOIRAI, MOIRA, AISA, PARCAE." THEOI GREEK MYTHOLOGY. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Moirai.html
"Origin of Lady of Justice." Legal History and Philosophy. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.commonlaw.com/Justice.html
River Thames and boaty things. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/environ.htm
"Search For Alien Life No New Thing - Space News - redOrbit." RedOrbit. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1630742/search_for_alien_life_no_new_thing/
"Sir Francis Drake." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/drake.html
"The Voyage." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/voyage.html
"What Is - An Introduction to Buddhism for Beginners." Buddhism. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/a/basicshub.htm
"Whited sepulchre - definition of whited sepulchre by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whited+sepulchre
"WikiAnswers - What function or purpose is a 'witch doctor' in african tribes." WikiAnswers. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_function_or_purpose_is_a_%27witch_doctor%27_in_african_tribes
"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw
"Zeus definition of Zeus in the Free Online ." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zeus
Jupiter
“…his arms—two shotguns, a heavy rifle, and a light revolver-carbine—the thunderbolts of that pitiful Jupiter.” (pg. 75)
Jupiter is the king of the gods and the god of the heavens and sky in Roman mythology. His weapon, mentioned in this quote, is a thunderbolt which he hurls at those who anger him. Conrad compares Kurtz to Jupiter because both have similar power over those who surround them. Also like this deity, Kurtz is in the possession of artillery, which to the natives of the Congo, would seem as daunting as Jupiter’s thunderbolts.
"Zeus definition of Zeus in the Free Online ." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zeus
Photo Credit: Jupiter. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t631/T631138A.jpg
Symbolism
“These round knobs were not ornamental but symbolic…those heads on stakes…” (pg. 71)
Conrad uses these decapitated heads as symbols to represent the gruesome nature of not only the Congo and its people but of Kurtz. These heads, which belonged to so-called rebels, signify how Kurtz has lost his own sense of restraint and has allowed the darkness to consume him. In addition to this, it shows how the effects of colonization can work both ways; although settlers often have a modifying effect toward natives, the natives can have the same effect on outsiders, in this case altering Kurtz to uphold some of their own savage customs.
Conrad uses these decapitated heads as symbols to represent the gruesome nature of not only the Congo and its people but of Kurtz. These heads, which belonged to so-called rebels, signify how Kurtz has lost his own sense of restraint and has allowed the darkness to consume him. In addition to this, it shows how the effects of colonization can work both ways; although settlers often have a modifying effect toward natives, the natives can have the same effect on outsiders, in this case altering Kurtz to uphold some of their own savage customs.
Harlequin
“He looked like a harlequin.” (pg. 64)
A harlequin is a comic character in theater who is usually depicted as wearing fanciful, multicolored garments. The harlequin appeared and became distinguished in the Italian movement commedia dell'arte where it was more or less a clown-like servant. Conrad uses the Russian man under Kurtz's employ to convey information about Kurtz to Marlow. Conrad describes this character as being harlequinesque because he essentially acts as Kurtz's servant.
"Harlequin Definition | Definition of Harlequin at Dictionary.com." Dictionary.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/harlequin
Photo Credit: Harlequin. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/files/images/arlecchino.jpg
Secret Colonization
“…the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs…” (pg. 61)
During the late 19th century, Belgium was particularly interested in colonizing and introducing aspects of European civilization into the Congo. King Leopold II of Belgium was at the helm of this colonization, but following multiple unsuccessful schemes to take over the territory, he organized secret holding companies,disguised as humanitarian organizations, to ensure his rule over the land. Much like the nonfictional International African Association, the organization that Kurtz is responsible for is a front that enables the Company to benefit without being scrutinized. Conrad created this fictional organization to provide realism to the plot. During this time period, so many organizations with "humanitarian" prospects were being established that another, like the one in this book, probably wouldn't have phased anyone.
"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html
During the late 19th century, Belgium was particularly interested in colonizing and introducing aspects of European civilization into the Congo. King Leopold II of Belgium was at the helm of this colonization, but following multiple unsuccessful schemes to take over the territory, he organized secret holding companies,disguised as humanitarian organizations, to ensure his rule over the land. Much like the nonfictional International African Association, the organization that Kurtz is responsible for is a front that enables the Company to benefit without being scrutinized. Conrad created this fictional organization to provide realism to the plot. During this time period, so many organizations with "humanitarian" prospects were being established that another, like the one in this book, probably wouldn't have phased anyone.
"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html
Sleeping Beauty
“The approach to this Kurtz grubbing for ivory in the wretched bush was best by as many dangers as though he had been an enchanted princess sleeping in a fabulous castle.” (pg. 52)
The latter part of this quote clearly alludes to the famous fairy tale, Sleeping Beauty. Conrad uses this metaphor to describe Kurtz because the treacherous hunt that Marlow undergoes to find him is much like the Prince’s treacherous trek to rescue the slumbering princess. In addition to this, this description foreshadows Kurtz’s deathbed at the close of the story.
Photo Credit: Sleeping Beauty. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Sleeping_beauty_by_Edward_Burne-Jones.jpg
Witch Doctor
“…the savage who was fireman…hard at work, at thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge.” (pg. 45)
The character described here is suggestive of what is more commonly referred to as a “witch doctor.” Witch doctors hold importance in most African tribes often being the most respected and knowledgeable individuals. They sometimes act as religious and political leaders, but their primary occupation is healing. Conrad describes the fireman as a typical witch doctor with patterns shaved into his hair and filed teeth, but he also makes the point to show how the fireman has adapted to the different cultures present in the Congo. His display of competence concerning steamboat machinery exemplifies how native peoples adjusted as the result of the colonization common to this time period.
"WikiAnswers - What function or purpose is a 'witch doctor' in african tribes." WikiAnswers. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_function_or_purpose_is_a_%27witch_doctor%27_in_african_tribes
Photo Credit: Witch Doctor. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://ingoodfaith.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/shona_witch_doctor.jpg
Cannibalism
“…cannibals…We had enlisted some of these chaps on the way for a crew.” (pg. 42)
Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating human flesh. Along the Congo River there are multiple tribes that are believed to be of cannibalistic nature. The Engombe tribe, for instance, lives along a portion of the river which has been named the abattoir, or slaughterhouse. Cannibalism, among other acts of violence, is one of the reasons why the Congo River has gained a reputation for being so mysterious and hazardous. Conrad included these carnivorous people not only to illustrate how dangerous the territory was, but also to show how some people would go to desperate measures to get what they wanted.
"Howstuffworks "How the Congo River Works"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/congo-river.htm/printable
Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating human flesh. Along the Congo River there are multiple tribes that are believed to be of cannibalistic nature. The Engombe tribe, for instance, lives along a portion of the river which has been named the abattoir, or slaughterhouse. Cannibalism, among other acts of violence, is one of the reasons why the Congo River has gained a reputation for being so mysterious and hazardous. Conrad included these carnivorous people not only to illustrate how dangerous the territory was, but also to show how some people would go to desperate measures to get what they wanted.
"Howstuffworks "How the Congo River Works"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/congo-river.htm/printable
El Dorado
“…the Eldorado Exploring Expedition…sordid buccaneers…To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no moral purpose at the back of it…” (pg. 36-37)
El Dorado, which means “the golden one” in Spanish, is a legendary city gilded in gold that many have sought for hundreds of years. In the 16th century, many explorations of the New World were solely established to discover this mythical, treasured city. During the many attempts of finding El Dorado, hundreds have perished. Conrad characterizes Kurtz with greedy qualities reminiscent of the Eldorado Exploring Expedition as well as the countless other El Dorado bound explorers. Rather than his hunger being bent on gold, though, he is infatuated by ivory. All he cares about is possessing as much, if not all, of the ivory in the vicinity. He even lives up to the latter portion of the quote because he literally "tears" ivory fossils "from the bowels of the land."
"Eldorado, The Mystical Place of Gold and Treasures." Welcome to the website of kaiku. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.kaiku.com/eldorado.html
Photo Credit: Eldorado. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/picture-1-41.png
Extraterrestrial Life
“I believed it in the same way one might believe there are inhabitants in the planet Mars…walking on all fours…” (pg. 32)
Obviously, during the 19th century, little was known about extraterrestrial life. However, during this time period there was much speculation and interest concerning alien life, yet the only thing that remotely related to it were characters from myth. The Congo River and its surrounding rainforests, for example, were known as the mysterious lands of mythical beasts. Later in the story, Marlow gives support to this belief by describing the region as “a prehistoric earth…an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.” By describing it as such, Conrad intensifies the setting and allows the reader to envision the obscurity of the region.
"Search For Alien Life No New Thing - Space News - redOrbit." RedOrbit. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1630742/search_for_alien_life_no_new_thing/
"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html
Obviously, during the 19th century, little was known about extraterrestrial life. However, during this time period there was much speculation and interest concerning alien life, yet the only thing that remotely related to it were characters from myth. The Congo River and its surrounding rainforests, for example, were known as the mysterious lands of mythical beasts. Later in the story, Marlow gives support to this belief by describing the region as “a prehistoric earth…an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.” By describing it as such, Conrad intensifies the setting and allows the reader to envision the obscurity of the region.
"Search For Alien Life No New Thing - Space News - redOrbit." RedOrbit. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1630742/search_for_alien_life_no_new_thing/
"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html
Mephistopheles
“…this papier-mâché Mephistopheles…” (pg. 31)
Mephistopheles is a common alias for the Devil. Satan, under this name, appeared in Christopher Marlowe’s play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, and in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play, Faust. Marlow uses this pseudonym to describe the brick maker because he is essentially a modern day Satan. The brick maker had been scheming to gain the power of assistant manager similarly to how Satan attempted to overthrow God. Conrad uses papier-mâché to metaphorically describe how “hollow” the brick maker is (probably as the result of his failure) as Marlow could “poke a forefinger through him, and find nothing inside but a little loose dirt…” This metaphor could also have served to describe the entire company, an organization that is intriguing from the outside, but is truly a sham.
"Mephistopheles: Encyclopedia - Mephistopheles." Global Oneness. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mephistopheles/id/524767
Mephistopheles is a common alias for the Devil. Satan, under this name, appeared in Christopher Marlowe’s play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, and in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play, Faust. Marlow uses this pseudonym to describe the brick maker because he is essentially a modern day Satan. The brick maker had been scheming to gain the power of assistant manager similarly to how Satan attempted to overthrow God. Conrad uses papier-mâché to metaphorically describe how “hollow” the brick maker is (probably as the result of his failure) as Marlow could “poke a forefinger through him, and find nothing inside but a little loose dirt…” This metaphor could also have served to describe the entire company, an organization that is intriguing from the outside, but is truly a sham.
"Mephistopheles: Encyclopedia - Mephistopheles." Global Oneness. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mephistopheles/id/524767
Astraea
“…a woman, draped and blindfolded, carrying a torch.” (pg. 30)
This description closely resembles that of the Greek goddess of justice, Astraea. Astraea is commonly depicted as being blindfolded and holding the scales of justice in one hand and a sword in the other. According to myth, when mankind became wicked, she left earth and became the constellation Virgo. Conrad included the painting of Astraea to further explore Kurtz's persona. In a sense Kurtz represents the wickedness of man that originally drove Astraea from earth. By painting this picture, it almost seems that Kurtz is trying to attribute himself with justice, when really he is the root of its ruin.
"Origin of Lady of Justice." Legal History and Philosophy. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.commonlaw.com/Justice.html
Photo Credit: Astraea. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.latein-pagina.de/ovid/pic_ovid_1/iustitia2.jpg
"You can’t make bricks without straw"
“It seems he could not make bricks without something, I don’t know what—straw maybe.” (pg. 28-29)
“You can’t make bricks without straw,” is an idiom that simply means an endeavor cannot be accomplished correctly or successfully without the proper materials. Although today bricks are made from kiln-fired clay, they were once made of various organic materials that were sun-dried. This more primitive form of brick, called Adobe, made from a mixture of sand, clay, water, sticks, manure, and straw is where this expression derives. Conrad may have included this idiom not only for its humor, but perhaps to hint at Marlow’s enterprise which would not be complete without its own “straw,” his acquaintance with Kurtz.
"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw
"Adobe." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe
“You can’t make bricks without straw,” is an idiom that simply means an endeavor cannot be accomplished correctly or successfully without the proper materials. Although today bricks are made from kiln-fired clay, they were once made of various organic materials that were sun-dried. This more primitive form of brick, called Adobe, made from a mixture of sand, clay, water, sticks, manure, and straw is where this expression derives. Conrad may have included this idiom not only for its humor, but perhaps to hint at Marlow’s enterprise which would not be complete without its own “straw,” his acquaintance with Kurtz.
"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw
"Adobe." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe
Ivory
“The word ‘ivory’ rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it.” (pg. 27)
Ivory is a valuable material that closely resembles bone. It is a substance that is most commonly found in elephant tusks. For centuries, ivory has been a vastly desired product. It wasn’t until the 17th century that it became a widely traded commodity. However, with a great demand elapsing over 300 years, the supply became scarce and, in consequence, the elephant, from which the ivory came, became endangered. In recent years, the trade of raw ivory has become illegal. Ivory plays an essential role in this novella as it is a symbol for obsession and the object from which Kurtz’s madness spurs. Conrad included this material for cultural context purposes. It was during the late 19th century that the demand for ivory was at its highest.
"HowStuffWorks "Ivory"" Howstuffworks "Animals" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/ivory-info.htm
Photo Credit: Ivory Trade. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg
Dante's Inferno
“My purpose was to stroll into the shade for a moment; but no sooner within that it seemed to me I had stepped into the gloomy circle of some Inferno.” (pg. 19)
This sentence is an allusion to the epic poem, Dante’s Inferno, or as it is otherwise known, the first part of The Divine Comedy. The poem entails the protagonist, Dante, making his way through the nine “circles,” or levels, of Hell in an attempt to discover God. Much like Marlow, Dante’s purpose is virtuous; he merely wants to ascend into heaven. However, Dante must endure a gruesome journey through the Inferno before achieving his goal, similarly to how Marlow must undergo hardship along the Congo. In addition to the comparison made between Marlow and Dante, Conrad's description of Marlow's descent into the Congo strikingly resembles the beginning of the epic poem; Dante thinks his approaching journey will be simple, but is greatly mistaken when he stumbles toward the “Gates of Hell,” just like Marlow thinks little of the dangers of his trip until he is engulfed by its darkness.
"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html
"Inferno (Dante) -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
This sentence is an allusion to the epic poem, Dante’s Inferno, or as it is otherwise known, the first part of The Divine Comedy. The poem entails the protagonist, Dante, making his way through the nine “circles,” or levels, of Hell in an attempt to discover God. Much like Marlow, Dante’s purpose is virtuous; he merely wants to ascend into heaven. However, Dante must endure a gruesome journey through the Inferno before achieving his goal, similarly to how Marlow must undergo hardship along the Congo. In addition to the comparison made between Marlow and Dante, Conrad's description of Marlow's descent into the Congo strikingly resembles the beginning of the epic poem; Dante thinks his approaching journey will be simple, but is greatly mistaken when he stumbles toward the “Gates of Hell,” just like Marlow thinks little of the dangers of his trip until he is engulfed by its darkness.
"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html
"Inferno (Dante) -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)
Alienist
“Are you an alienist?” (pg. 13)
An alienist is essentially a psychiatrist, a physician who specializes in treating people with mental diseases. Before Marlow sets out into the Congo, the doctor that examines him is keenly interested with information concerning his mental state. Although this examination is just (it would seem normal for a doctor to ensure that individuals travelling into uncharted territories are fit enough for the journey) it is ironic that the doctor “measure[s] the crania of those going out there” because, once in the Congo, Marlow comes face to face with the shrunken heads of possible explorers from previous expeditions. Conrad includes this doctor's unorthodox conduct to foreshadow this later encounter.
"Alienist: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alienist
An alienist is essentially a psychiatrist, a physician who specializes in treating people with mental diseases. Before Marlow sets out into the Congo, the doctor that examines him is keenly interested with information concerning his mental state. Although this examination is just (it would seem normal for a doctor to ensure that individuals travelling into uncharted territories are fit enough for the journey) it is ironic that the doctor “measure[s] the crania of those going out there” because, once in the Congo, Marlow comes face to face with the shrunken heads of possible explorers from previous expeditions. Conrad includes this doctor's unorthodox conduct to foreshadow this later encounter.
"Alienist: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alienist
Ave! Morituri te salutant.
“Ave! Old knitter of black wool. Morituri te salutant.” (pg. 12)
This phrase, which originally had “Caesar” in the place of “old knitter of black wool,” can be translated from Latin to English as “Hail...those who are about to die, salute you.” This saying was used by gladiators when addressing their emperor at the onset of a gladiatorial match. Marlow uses this phrase to express how risky his new endeavor will be and how uncertain the outcome will be. Because gladiatorial matches typically ended in the obliteration of the gladiators involved, the emperor was usually the last individual to see the victims, much like the two weavers who rarely saw the employers of the Company return. Although this phrase is seemingly unimportant, Conrad uses it to create a considerable amount of suspense surrounding Marlow and his ensuing journey.
"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant
This phrase, which originally had “Caesar” in the place of “old knitter of black wool,” can be translated from Latin to English as “Hail...those who are about to die, salute you.” This saying was used by gladiators when addressing their emperor at the onset of a gladiatorial match. Marlow uses this phrase to express how risky his new endeavor will be and how uncertain the outcome will be. Because gladiatorial matches typically ended in the obliteration of the gladiators involved, the emperor was usually the last individual to see the victims, much like the two weavers who rarely saw the employers of the Company return. Although this phrase is seemingly unimportant, Conrad uses it to create a considerable amount of suspense surrounding Marlow and his ensuing journey.
"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant
The Fates
“Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knitting black wool.” (pg. 11)
These two weavers allude to the Fates, the Greek goddesses of destiny. In Greek mythology, the Fates are depicted as three old hags who weave the thread of life. Each of the Fates has her share in a person’s destiny; one spins the thread, the second measures the thread, and the third cuts the thread. Just before signing a contract to be employed under the Company, Marlow encounters these women. This eerie encounter makes it seem as though Marlow’s decision to venture into the Congo will be his demise. Fortunately for Marlow, Conrad included only two weavers, leaving a third absent from “cutting the thread.” This is a slight foreshadowing into Marlow’s ultimately safe voyage.
"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant
Photo Credit: The Fates. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/RM/AGoldenThreadStrudwick.jpg
Whited Sepulchre
“…a city that always reminded me of a whited sepulchre.” (pg. 11)
The definition of “a whited sepulchre” is a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous. It seems that, although the city is being described, the metaphor could be referencing the Company that is based out of the city. There are multiple times in the story where Conrad describes the Company in vague detail, but in this instance, the reader is made aware of the Company's true malevolent nature. At this point, the reader is familiar with Marlow’s boyhood dreams of exploration, so when the opportunity is presented to him, it seems normal for him to be intrigued. The Company presents itself to Marlow with a righteous exterior intending to lure him in, but it is not until later, when he is immersed in the dangers of the Congo, that he realizes the Company’s “inward evil.”
"Whited sepulchre - definition of whited sepulchre by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whited+sepulchre
The definition of “a whited sepulchre” is a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous. It seems that, although the city is being described, the metaphor could be referencing the Company that is based out of the city. There are multiple times in the story where Conrad describes the Company in vague detail, but in this instance, the reader is made aware of the Company's true malevolent nature. At this point, the reader is familiar with Marlow’s boyhood dreams of exploration, so when the opportunity is presented to him, it seems normal for him to be intrigued. The Company presents itself to Marlow with a righteous exterior intending to lure him in, but it is not until later, when he is immersed in the dangers of the Congo, that he realizes the Company’s “inward evil.”
"Whited sepulchre - definition of whited sepulchre by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whited+sepulchre
Fleet Street
“I went on along Fleet Street…” (pg. 9)
Fleet Street is a famous thoroughfare located in London, England. The street is best known for being the center of British journalism. Newspaper publishing began along this street as early as the 1500’s, and it wasn’t until recently that the street became more populated by law firms. This street has also become famous for its historical connection to the Knights Templar as it houses the organization’s headquarters. The Knights Templar was a secret society whose duty was to protect the Holy Land. Ironically, this quote follows the mentioning of a Company, which, as the reader eventually learns, has infiltrated the Congo River region in its search for ivory. Conrad hints a parallel between these two groups to exploit the covert schemes that they both share.
"Fleet Street -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street
"Knights Templar -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar
Photo Credit: Fleet Street. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://photos.igougo.com/images/p339989-London-Fleet_Street.jpg
The Congo
“…a mighty big river…resembling an immense snake uncoiled…its tail lost in the depths of the land.” (pg. 9)
The river being alluded to here is obviously the Congo. The Congo River is Africa’s most powerful river and the area along its banks is known for its mysterious nature. The river, which is surrounded by dense, foreboding rainforest, starts out with a peaceful current but eventually becomes turbulent. A 75 mile long portion of the river is even referred to as the “Gates of Hell” due to its violent rapids. Conrad seems to have metaphorically described this river as a snake not only because of its appearance on a map, but because of its similar traits of being dangerous and enigmatic, thus making the Congo the perfect place from which “darkness” can expel.
"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html
Photo Credit: The Congo River. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://kim.uing.net/files/media_file_11458.jpg
Imperialism
“The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves…” (pg. 7)
During the 19th century, many of the dominant countries of the world, including Belgium, pursued colonial expansion through imperialism. Nations wishing to expland often reached out to countries of different ethnicities for both commercial and nationalistic reasons. By the late 1800’s, much of Africa had been colonized. Conrad's reference to conquest not only gives insight into the time period, but also gives foresight into what Marlow will discover while navigating the Congo; colonization observed in Kurtz's control over a tribe of cannibals.
"British colonialism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about British colonialism." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/British+colonialism
During the 19th century, many of the dominant countries of the world, including Belgium, pursued colonial expansion through imperialism. Nations wishing to expland often reached out to countries of different ethnicities for both commercial and nationalistic reasons. By the late 1800’s, much of Africa had been colonized. Conrad's reference to conquest not only gives insight into the time period, but also gives foresight into what Marlow will discover while navigating the Congo; colonization observed in Kurtz's control over a tribe of cannibals.
"British colonialism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about British colonialism." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/British+colonialism
The River Thames
“…nothing but Thames water to drink…death skulking in the air, in the water, in the bush. They must have been dying like flies here.” (pg. 6)
For centuries, the quality of the water of the River Thames had been under speculation. It wasn’t until the 1800’s that the river’s pollution came into question as being dangerous to the citizens that crowded its banks. Between 1831 and 1866, thirty-five thousand people were killed as the result of four cholera epidemics that could be linked to the water supply. Years of exposure to sewage systems and general pollution caused the Thames to be unsafe for consumption. Because Conrad alludes to such poor conditions, it can be concluded that Heart of Darkness takes place during the late 19th century, a time when the Thames would still have been unsuitable to drink and a potential threat to those who navigated it.
River Thames and boaty things. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/environ.htm
Photo Credit: The River Thames. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.loguk.com/life/images/2007/11/21/thames.jpg
Sir John Franklin
“…Sir John Franklin…the Erebus and Terror, bound on other conquests—and that never returned.” (pg. 5)
Sir John Franklin was another famous English explorer best known for his Arctic explorations and discovery of the Northwest Passage during the 1800’s. In 1845, Franklin and his crew made their journey from England to the Northern coasts of Canada aboard the ships Erebus and Terror to survey the land for an alternative route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. During the expedition, the ships became trapped in ice, and the crew was stranded never to return to England. A search party went out several years later only to discover that all crew members had died. Once again, Conrad mentions this historical figure to provide a background for Marlow's nautical passion.
"HowStuffWorks "Sir John Franklin"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/polar-history/sir-john-franklin.htm
Photo Credit: Sir John Franklin and the Northwest Passage Expedition. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.expeterra.com/images/franklin.jpeg
Sir Francis Drake
“…the men of whom the nation is proud, from Sir Francis Drake…the Golden Hind returning with her round flanks full of treasure…” (pg. 5)
Sir Francis Drake was a famous explorer and naval captain during the Elizabethan era. In 1577 he was commissioned to lead an expedition around the world. While circumnavigating the globe, Drake captained the famous galleon, the Golden Hind, aboard which he obtained an immense fortune from various captured vessels; these treasures were estimated at £600,000, an astounding amount during this time period. Upon his return, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1588, Drake furthered his recognition by aiding the British in defeating the Spanish Armada. Drake is considered to be one of the greatest sailors and heroes of his time. Conrad mentions this historical figure because it adds depth to Marlow's character and his ambition to explore.
"Sir Francis Drake." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/drake.html
"The Voyage." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/voyage.html
Photo Credit: Sir Francis Drake. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/caribbean/francis-drake.jpg
Buddhism
“Marlow sat crossed-legged right aft…resembled an idol.” (pg. 4)
Conrad uses the iconic figure of the Buddha to describe Marlow not only because of his physical resemblance, but because Marlow has an inclination to tell stories of his past much like the Buddha does through his spiritual teachings. Buddhism is based on the teachings of its founder, Siddhartha Gautama. Gautama, who became enlightened after years of suffering, passed on his knowledge much like Marlow does when recounting his journey into the Congo. Conrad furthers the parallelism between Marlow and the Buddha when describing Kurtz. Marlow is essentially enlightened through his observation of Kurtz’s suffering (due to his attachment to ivory) which is similar to Gautama’s enlightenment after his years of suffering.
"What Is - An Introduction to Buddhism for Beginners." Buddhism. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/a/basicshub.htm
Photo Credit: Siddhartha Gautama. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://ttsworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/buddha.jpg
Gravesend
“The air was dark above Gravesend..." (pg. 3)
Gravesend is a town located on the southern bank of the River Thames in the English county of Kent. Due to its orientation along the highly trafficked river and its existence dating as far back as 1086, Gravesend has become historically renowned as a shipping port. For centuries it was a center for tourism and commerce as seafaring travelers made their way east from London. Conrad references this town probably because of its foreboding sounding name. If broken into two parts, grave-send, the town becomes a foreshadowing device saying that those who travel to the Congo are journeying toward their graves.
"History Of Gravesend." Kent Business Directory - Free Business Listings. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.kentfind.co.uk/about/gravesend/history.php
Gravesend is a town located on the southern bank of the River Thames in the English county of Kent. Due to its orientation along the highly trafficked river and its existence dating as far back as 1086, Gravesend has become historically renowned as a shipping port. For centuries it was a center for tourism and commerce as seafaring travelers made their way east from London. Conrad references this town probably because of its foreboding sounding name. If broken into two parts, grave-send, the town becomes a foreshadowing device saying that those who travel to the Congo are journeying toward their graves.
"History Of Gravesend." Kent Business Directory - Free Business Listings. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.kentfind.co.uk/about/gravesend/history.php
Photos Cited - Frankenstein
Adam and Eve. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/Advent/Adam&Eve.jpg
Albertus Magnus. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0253.jpg
The Ancient Mariner and the Albatross. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ancient_mariner_statue.jpg/180px-Ancient_mariner_statue.jpg
Cato the Younger. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/C/h/2/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_Major.jpg
Chimera. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/04-05/images/chimera.jpg
Cornelius Agrippa. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0266.jpg
The Garden of Eden. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.oilpaintingshop.com/janbrueghel/4.jpg
Homer. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://farm1.static.flickr.com/55/170830981_979827d318_m.jpg
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King Charles II. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/02/charles_ii_of_england.jpg
Lycurgus of Sparta. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lycurgus.jpg
Numa Pompilius. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/numa.jpg
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Solon. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/hist_other/Solon.jpg
Theseus. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/legends/greece/minotaur-theseus.jpg
William Shakespeare. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://william-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk/william-shakespeare.jpg
Albertus Magnus. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0253.jpg
The Ancient Mariner and the Albatross. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ancient_mariner_statue.jpg/180px-Ancient_mariner_statue.jpg
Cato the Younger. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/C/h/2/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_Major.jpg
Chimera. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/04-05/images/chimera.jpg
Cornelius Agrippa. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0266.jpg
The Garden of Eden. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.oilpaintingshop.com/janbrueghel/4.jpg
Homer. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://farm1.static.flickr.com/55/170830981_979827d318_m.jpg
The Hypocrites - Dante's Inferno. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://davelafferty.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/hypocrites.jpg
King Charles II. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/02/charles_ii_of_england.jpg
Lycurgus of Sparta. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lycurgus.jpg
Numa Pompilius. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/numa.jpg
Pandemonium. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://roma.theoffside.com/files/2007/10/pandemonium2.JPG
Paracelsus. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://ar.utmb.edu/ar/Portals/5/images/blocker/Portraits/paracelsus.jpg
The Rhine River. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.castle-liebenstein.com/pictures/maps/rhine-valley-map400.jpg
Romulus. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/romulus.jpg
Satan. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/images-3/satan.jpg>.
Solon. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/hist_other/Solon.jpg
Theseus. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/legends/greece/minotaur-theseus.jpg
William Shakespeare. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://william-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk/william-shakespeare.jpg
Works Cited - Frankenstein
"Adam and Eve - Myth Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia of Myths. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/A-Am/Adam-and-Eve.html
"Albatrosses, Albatross Pictures, Albatross Facts - National Geographic." National Geographic. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross.html
"Albertus Magnus - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/mangus.html
"Amadis de Gaule: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/amadis-de-gaule
"Cato the Younger: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Cato_the_Younger
"CE 397 Transboundary Water Resources." Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce397/Topics/Rhine/Rhine.htm
"Charles II (king of Great Britain and Ireland)." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106788/Charles-II
"Charles II of England." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England#Great_Plague_and_Fire
"Chimera, Chimaera: Mythical Creature, Beast of Mythology :Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm." Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.mythicalrealm.com/creatures/chimera.html
"Chinese water torture -." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_water_torture
"Contexts -- Societies -- Illuminati." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Contexts/illumin.html
"Cornelius Agrippa - Theosophical History." Katinka Hesselink . Net. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/agrippa.html
"The Divine Comedy: Inferno by Dante Alighieri - Summaries and Commentaries." Yahoo! Education. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/the_divine_comedy_inferno/71.html
"Elixir of life: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/elixir-of-life-2
"Homer - Biography and Works." The Literature Network. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.online-literature.com/homer/
"LUCIFER." JewishEncyclopedia.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L
"Lycurgus (of Sparta)." Ninemsn Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575180/Lycurgus_(of_Sparta).html
"Martyr Definition." Dictionary.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martyr
"Mutability." Internal.org. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.internal.org/view_poem.phtml?poemID=311
"Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509044_20/native_americans_of_middle_and_south_america.html
"Numa Pompilius (king of Rome)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422258/Numa-Pompilius
"Orlando Furioso -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Furioso
"Pandemonium." Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pandemonium&searchmode=none
"Paracelsus." Www.kirjasto.sci.fi. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/parace.htm
"Paradise Lost: Short Summary." Paradise Lost Study Guide. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.paradiselost.org/5-sum-short.html
"Philosophers Stone, Alchemy - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/philosopherstone.html
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner
"Robin Hood: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/robin-hood
"Romulus." Encyclopedia Mythica. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/r/romulus.html
"Ruins of Empire." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009..
"Saint George: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/saint-george
"Sinbad the Sailor -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor
"SOLON." World History. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/ppersons1_n2/solon.html
"Stoicism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/
"Syndic - definition of syndic by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/syndic
"Theseus, Greek mythology." Greece Travel Greek islands History and Mythology. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/theseus.htm
"Tobacco Alcohol and Caffeine?Centuries of Use - Alcohol." Library Index. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2090/Alcohol-Tobacco-Caffeine-Centuries-Use-ALCOHOL.html
"University of Ingolstadt." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/V1notes/univers.html
"What is the Truth About Hell Fire?" The Bible Truth About Hades and Hell Fire. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thetruthabouthell.net/
"William Shakespeare - Biography and Works." The Literature Network. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/
"Albatrosses, Albatross Pictures, Albatross Facts - National Geographic." National Geographic. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/albatross.html
"Albertus Magnus - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/mangus.html
"Amadis de Gaule: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/amadis-de-gaule
"Cato the Younger: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Cato_the_Younger
"CE 397 Transboundary Water Resources." Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce397/Topics/Rhine/Rhine.htm
"Charles II (king of Great Britain and Ireland)." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106788/Charles-II
"Charles II of England." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England#Great_Plague_and_Fire
"Chimera, Chimaera: Mythical Creature, Beast of Mythology :Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm." Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.mythicalrealm.com/creatures/chimera.html
"Chinese water torture -." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_water_torture
"Contexts -- Societies -- Illuminati." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Contexts/illumin.html
"Cornelius Agrippa - Theosophical History." Katinka Hesselink . Net. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/agrippa.html
"The Divine Comedy: Inferno by Dante Alighieri - Summaries and Commentaries." Yahoo! Education. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/the_divine_comedy_inferno/71.html
"Elixir of life: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/elixir-of-life-2
"Homer - Biography and Works." The Literature Network. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.online-literature.com/homer/
"LUCIFER." JewishEncyclopedia.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L
"Lycurgus (of Sparta)." Ninemsn Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575180/Lycurgus_(of_Sparta).html
"Martyr Definition." Dictionary.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martyr
"Mutability." Internal.org. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.internal.org/view_poem.phtml?poemID=311
"Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509044_20/native_americans_of_middle_and_south_america.html
"Numa Pompilius (king of Rome)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422258/Numa-Pompilius
"Orlando Furioso -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Furioso
"Pandemonium." Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pandemonium&searchmode=none
"Paracelsus." Www.kirjasto.sci.fi. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/parace.htm
"Paradise Lost: Short Summary." Paradise Lost Study Guide. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.paradiselost.org/5-sum-short.html
"Philosophers Stone, Alchemy - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/philosopherstone.html
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner
"Robin Hood: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/robin-hood
"Romulus." Encyclopedia Mythica. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/r/romulus.html
"Ruins of Empire." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009.
"Saint George: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/saint-george
"Sinbad the Sailor -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor
"SOLON." World History. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/ppersons1_n2/solon.html
"Stoicism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/
"Syndic - definition of syndic by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/syndic
"Theseus, Greek mythology." Greece Travel Greek islands History and Mythology. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/theseus.htm
"Tobacco Alcohol and Caffeine?Centuries of Use - Alcohol." Library Index. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2090/Alcohol-Tobacco-Caffeine-Centuries-Use-ALCOHOL.html
"University of Ingolstadt." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/V1notes/univers.html
"What is the Truth About Hell Fire?" The Bible Truth About Hades and Hell Fire. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thetruthabouthell.net/
"William Shakespeare - Biography and Works." The Literature Network. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/
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