Photos Cited - Mrs. Dalloway

Albert Einstein. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://agoldenworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/albert_einstein_-325x378.png

Artemis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4619937/artemis_Full.jpg

Athena. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.gnosticeditions.com/images/goddess-athena.jpg

Big Ben. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://greggayden.com/europe05/Big%20Ben.jpg

Buckingham Palace Guards. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/ffximage/2008/09/01/470buckpalace,0.jpg

Gregor Mendel. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.dobermann-review.com/info/genetics/mendels_genetic_laws/Gregor%20Mendel.jpg

House of Windsor Coat of Arms. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/windsor/arms_windsor.gif

Louis XVI Execution. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg

Percy Bysshe Shelley. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/pictures/percy_bysshe_shelley.jpg

Plato. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bwog.net/uploads/plato_bust.jpg

Spirit of St. Louis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.behindthegreen.org/storage/images/tallmantz6.jpg

William Morris. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/WilliamMorris/wmface1.jpg

WWI - Battle. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://adcguides.com/images/wwi.jpg

Works Cited - Mrs. Dalloway

"Albert Einstein (American physicist) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein

"Artemis." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/artemis.html

"Athena." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena

Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/

"City of Westminster." Wikipedia. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster

"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm

"French Revolution (1787-99)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219315/French-Revolution

"Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)." Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php

"House of Windsor." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor

"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/

"Inventions: Airplane." Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/airplane.html

"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot

"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html

"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/
"Percy Bysshe Shelley." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley

"Plato - History for Kids!" Kidipede. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/philosophy/plato.htm

"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees

"WikiAnswers - What were the main causes of World War 1." WikiAnswers. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_main_causes_of_World_War_1

"William Morris - a brief biography." Needlepoint kits from Beth Russell Needlepoint - Pillows,cushions,rugs - William Morris design. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/William-Morris.htm

"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm

Women's Rights

“…punish her for saying that women should have votes.” (pg. 181)

Before the early 1900’s, women had few to no rights inside or outside of the household. Women were especially hindered from having any say in politics. It wasn’t until the 1920s that women’s rights began taking shape. In the United States, women were granted the right to vote when the 19th amendment was passed in 1920. The United Kingdom, however, did not grant women the right to vote until 1928. Woolf references women’s rights not only to show the cultural outlook of women in society during this time period, but also to stress Sally’s radical behavior.

"Woman Suffrage Timeline International - Winning the Vote Around the World." Women's History - Comprehensive Women's History Research Guide. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm

Nationalism

“Boys in uniform, carrying guns, marched…on their faces an expression like…gratitude, fidelity, love of England.” (pg. 51)

Nationalism is defined as the attitude that the citizens of a nation have when they care about their national identity and the actions they make to preserve this identity. Throughout history nationalism can be traced in many cultures. This is especially true for Great Britain. Great Britain has always taken a great pride in its status as a super power. Historically recognized as being dominant, militarily and imperialistically, the citizens of Great Britain are known for their patriotism. Woolf’s sole purpose in referencing nationalism in Great Britain is to show how important it is and to give the reader a better feel for the culture. Woolf furthers the message of patriotism being important by saying that much of the population seems “ready to attend their Sovereign, if need be, to the cannon’s mouth, as their ancestors had done before them.”

From such characters as Septimus Warren Smith, it can be assumed that Woolf believes nationalism to be an important part of Great Britain's culture. At the same time, however, she portrays Septimus as being mentally ill as a result of being in the war which leads the reader to believe that she is equally aware of the negative aspects of being patriotic.

"Nationalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/

Photo Credit: Buckingham Palace Guards. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/ffximage/2008/09/01/470buckpalace,0.jpg

Renowned Visionaries

“…read Plato in bed before breakfast; read Morris; read Shelley by the hour.” (pg. 33)

Plato is one of the most renowned philosophers of all time. He was a Greek thinker who contributed in laying the foundation of Western philosophy and science. Woolf references this historical figure in order to make a connection with the visionary ideas of Sally and Clarissa who plan to establish their own society. William Morris was an English writer, artist, designer and socialist. Apart from his creative endeavors, Morris wrote several socialist doctrines. Though Sally and Clarissa may have been intrigued by Morris’ decorative work, Woolf references Morris to exploit the radical goals all three share. Percy Bysshe Shelley was an influential English poet and novelist. Shelley, who is considered to be one of the greatest lyric poets of his time, was also said to be an idealist. Woolf includes Shelley because of the similarities between his idealistic views and those of the two women.

"Plato - History for Kids!" Kidipede. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/philosophy/plato.htm

"William Morris - a brief biography." Needlepoint kits from Beth Russell Needlepoint. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/William-Morris.htm

"Percy Bysshe Shelley." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley

Photo Credit: Plato. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bwog.net/uploads/plato_bust.jpg

William Morris. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.bethrussellneedlepoint.com/WilliamMorris/wmface1.jpg

Percy Bysshe Shelley. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/pictures/percy_bysshe_shelley.jpg

The French Revolution

“…an ancestor had been with Marie Antoinette, had his head cut off…” (pg. 33)

The French Revolution, which is alluded to in this quote, occurred during the late 18th century. It was a period of political and social upheaval which reached its height in 1789. The purpose of this revolution was to overthrow the French monarchy and reform the government. It was during this frenzied time period that beheading became popular as a form of execution. The execution of King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette marked the beginning of a new era for France. Woolf references the French Revolution to develop the character of Sally Seton. Sally is portrayed as being an eccentric, opinionated woman. This claim of being related to a former French aristocrat merely adds to her wild, somewhat exaggerated persona.

"French Revolution (1787-99)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219315/French-Revolution

Photo Credit: Louis XVI Execution. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/LouisXVIExecutionBig.jpg

Baron Marbot's Memoirs

“…she had read deep in Baron Marbot’s Memoirs. She had read late at night of the retreat from Moscow.” (pg. 31)

Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot was a French general who lived during the 18th and 19th centuries and fought alongside Napolean. He has become most famous for his biography which gives insight into the Napoleonic age of warfare. In Memoirs, Marbot recounts the battles that result in Napoleon’s unsuccessful taking of Russia. Woolf references this book to show war’s impact on society. Using this book as Clarissa’s choice of reading material also creates a contrast between what is expected of Clarissa and her actual personality. This is key in developing Clarissa's character. This abnormal (at least for this time period) interest shows how multitiered her personality is and sets her even further apart from the other characters.

"Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Marcellin_de_Marbot

Mythology

“…Mrs. Dalloway’s parasol…like a sacred weapon which a Goddess, having acquitted herself honourably in the field of battle, sheds…” (pg. 30)

Although there is no particular Goddess being alluded to here, several women of myth can fit this description. In Greek mythology, the goddesses Artemis and Athena both bear “sacred” weapons. Artemis, the Goddess of the hunt, is often depicted carrying a bow and arrows. Athena, the Goddess of wisdom and strategic battle, is frequently portrayed with a shield and lance. Woolf references a Goddess in order to make a connection to Clarissa’s personality and behavior. She attributes Clarissa with such divine qualities to accentuate her role as a leader and visionary in her society.

"Artemis." Encyclopedia Mythica: mythology, folklore, and religion. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/artemis.html

"Athena." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena

Photo Credit: Artemis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4619937/artemis_Full.jpg

Athena. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.gnosticeditions.com/images/goddess-athena.jpg

Renowned Scientists

“…Einstein, speculation, mathematics, the Mendelian theory…” (pg. 28)

Albert Einstein is considered to be the most influential physicist of the twentieth century. He is best known for his theory of relativity which earned him a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921. Gregor Mendel was a monk and scientist who is accredited with conceiving the theory of heredity. Through his observations of pea plants, Mendel discovered what has now become the science of genetics. Woolf references these well known figures to add depth and realism to the story. Although, in context, these allusions are used to develop some of the minor characters, they are included because of their reputations and cultural importance.

"Albert Einstein (American physicist) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181349/Albert-Einstein

"Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)." Access Excellence @ the National Health Museum. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.php

Photo Credit: Albert Einstein. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://agoldenworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/albert_einstein_-325x378.png

Gregor Mendel. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.dobermann-review.com/info/genetics/mendels_genetic_laws/Gregor%20Mendel.jpg

Shell Shock

“…it was cowardly for a man to say he would kill himself, but Septimus had fought; he was brave; he was not Septimus now.” (pg. 23)

In this description of Septimus Warren Smith, shell shock is subtly alluded to. Shell shock, which is referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder today, was a term used to described the psychological trauma suffered by many veterans of World War I. Common symptoms of shell shock included panic attacks, depression, and flashbacks of certain disturbing events. Woolf alludes to shell shock in order to develop Septimus as a character. She also mentions his contemplations of suicide to foreshadow his eventual demise.

"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Shell Shock." First World War.com - A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/shellshock.htm

Aviation

“The sound of an aeroplane bored ominously into the ears of the crowd…letting out white smoke from behind…making letters in the sky!” (pg. 20)

In the early twentieth century, aviation intrigued all classes of the world. At first, the airplane’s invention was looked upon with skepticism due to the inherent dangers of flying, but by the 1920s it had become a great success. Airplanes initially debuted in World War I and were used for reconnaissance missions and attacks. They were, however, viewed as being impractical having only been in existence for merely a decade. Following the war, they began gaining recognition at fairs and carnivals where they did aerial stunts and were a form of entertainment. Woolf references aviation because of its popularity during the 1920s. She shows how the people of this time period were not fully accustomed to flying yet still severely intrigued through her description of the townspeople becoming captivated upon sighting the “aeroplane.”

Not only does the aeroplane serve as cultural context, but it also symbolizes flight and time in relation to speed. Flight is frequently observed in the novel though usually not in its literal sense, for instance when Septimus jumps out a window and "flies" to his death. There is a constant focus on time due to the book essentially being a countdown to the party. The common phrase "time flies" corresponds perfectly with the speed of the aeroplane.

"Inventions: Airplane." Free Website Hosting – Angelfire free website templates to make your own free website. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/airplane.html

Photo Credit: Spirit of St. Louis. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.behindthegreen.org/storage/images/tallmantz6.jpg

The House of Windsor

“In public house in a back street a Colonial insulted the House of Windsor which led to words, broken beer glasses, and a general shindy…” (pg. 18)

The House of Windsor is the name of the royal house, or dynasty, which has reigned in the United Kingdom since 1917. During the time period of this novel, King George V was the head of the House of Windsor. Woolf includes this reference because it provides the reader with cultural information concerning the sovereignty of the country. Although the British monarchy is not the nation’s chief form of government, it remains in tact for symbolic and nationalistic reasons. In addition to this, this reference also suggests the importance of identity and patriotism.

"House of Windsor." Wikipedia. Web. 29 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor

Photo Credit: House of Windsor Coat of Arms. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/images/windsor/arms_windsor.gif

Bond Street

“Bond Street fascinated her…its flags flying; its shops; no splash; no glitter…” (pg. 11)

Bond Street is a famous thoroughfare located in London’s West End. Since its establishment in 1700, Bond Street has become widely renowned for its elegant and luxurious shops and restaurants. Woolf references this London location because of its direct relation to Clarissa as well as several other women characters in the story. The women of this era were often concerned with fashion and self image.

Bond Street Association. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.bondstreetassociation.com/

Robert Smith Surtees

“There were Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities; there were Soapy Sponge…” (pg. 10)

The two titles mentioned here allude to the literature of English author Robert Smith Surtees. Jaunts and Jollities, a collection of essays, and Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour, the novel referred to by the mentioning of “soapy sponge,” both focus on hunting-enthused protagonists. Woolf references these books perhaps to show Clarissa’s ignorance which ultimately helps in developing her character. Clarissa has, up until this point, been described as being somewhat feminine, so it makes sense for her to disregard the plots of these novels in response to their flowery titles.

"Robert Smith Surtees - LoveToKnow 1911." 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Robert_Smith_Surtees

Shakespeare

“Fear no more the heat o' the sun Nor the furious winter's rages.” (pg. 9)

This poetic verse is an excerpt from one of William Shakespeare’s many poems. This particular poem focuses on death and how realistic worries become insignificant when one dies. The poem includes such lines as “thy worldly task hast done,” “all must…come to dust,” and “Quiet consummation have; And renownéd be thy grave” which all emphasize the message of death and its consequences. Woolf strategically places these lines within the story to establish irony. It just so happens that Clarissa had been contemplating death momentarily before viewing the first couplet of this funeral like poem. The message observed in this poem can also be connected to Septimus Warren Smith who frequently thinks of suicide following his involvement in the war. This poem also indirectly relates to the author, Virginia Woolf, who committed suicide several years following the publishing of this novel.

"[minstrels] Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare." Department of Computer Science. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/477.html

The Serpentine

“She remembered once throwing a schilling into the Serpentine.” (pg. 9)

The Serpentine is a famous artificial lake located in Hyde Park in London. It was created in the 1730’s at the request of Queen Caroline. Since its establishment it has become a popular recreational attraction that boasts boating and swimming. Hyde Park as well as the neighboring Kensington Gardens and St. James’ Park are equally popular sites that commonly host celebrations and concerts. Woolf refers to the Serpentine and the adjacent parks to illustrate the elaborate setting. She also uses these locations to prompt Clarissa into having flashbacks of her youth and her previous acquaintances with such people as Peter Walsh.

Woolf intentionally references the Serpentine because of its name. Serpentine, meaning characteristic of a snake, metaphorically relates to the "winding course" of Clarissa's busy day. Also, much like the movement of a snake, Clarissa's thoughts and attitudes shift regularly throughout the novel.

"Hyde Park." The Royal Parks. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde_park/

World War I

“…it was the middle of June. The War was over…” (pg. 5)

The Great War, otherwise known as World War I, began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. This four year long war involved many of the great powers of the world battling each other in two opposing alliances; the Allied Forces and the Central Powers. The reason for this massive conflict can easily be linked to hegemony, the domination of other nations by one power. The war had a profound impact on Europe and its denizens. Woolf includes this reference to establish the time period. By referencing the end of the war, Woolf also creates a relieved or pleasant tone which persists over the course of the novel.

"WikiAnswers - What were the main causes of World War 1." WikiAnswers. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_the_main_causes_of_World_War_1

Photo Credit: WWI - Battle. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://adcguides.com/images/wwi.jpg

Westminster

“…in Westminster…one feels even in the midst of the traffic, or walking at night…a particular hush, or solemnity; an indescribable pause; a suspense…before Big Ben strikes.” (pg. 4)

The city of Westminster is a borough of the greater city of London. This portion of London is the seat of the United Kingdom’s government and is often referred to as the West End. Many well-known landmarks are located in this area including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and Big Ben (as alluded to in the quote). In addition to being common tourist attractions, these landmarks are especially important to the Great Britain’s culture. Woolf alludes to Westminster and the iconic Big Ben within the first few pages of the story in order to establish the setting. Her description of the anticipation preceding the ringing of Big Ben also suggests the dignity and pride that the reader soon discovers in the Londoners of the story.

"City of Westminster." Wikipedia. Web. 28 Sept. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster

Photo Credit: Big Ben. Digital image. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. http://greggayden.com/europe05/Big%20Ben.jpg

Photos Cited - Heart of Darkness

Astraea. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.latein-pagina.de/ovid/pic_ovid_1/iustitia2.jpg

The Congo River. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://kim.uing.net/files/media_file_11458.jpg

Eldorado. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/picture-1-41.png

The Fates. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/RM/AGoldenThreadStrudwick.jpg

Fleet Street. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://photos.igougo.com/images/p339989-London-Fleet_Street.jpg

Harlequin. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/files/images/arlecchino.jpg

Ivory Trade. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg

Jupiter. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t631/T631138A.jpg

The River Thames. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.loguk.com/life/images/2007/11/21/thames.jpg

Siddhartha Gautama. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://ttsworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/buddha.jpg

Sir Francis Drake. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/caribbean/francis-drake.jpg

Sir John Franklin and the Northwest Passage Expedition. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.expeterra.com/images/franklin.jpeg

Sleeping Beauty. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Sleeping_beauty_by_Edward_Burne-Jones.jpg

Witch Doctor. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://ingoodfaith.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/shona_witch_doctor.jpg

Works Cited - Heart of Darkness

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"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html

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"HowStuffWorks "Sir John Franklin"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/polar-history/sir-john-franklin.htm

"Inferno (Dante)." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)

"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html

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"WikiAnswers - What function or purpose is a 'witch doctor' in african tribes." WikiAnswers. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_function_or_purpose_is_a_%27witch_doctor%27_in_african_tribes

"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw

"Zeus definition of Zeus in the Free Online ." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zeus

Jupiter

“…his arms—two shotguns, a heavy rifle, and a light revolver-carbine—the thunderbolts of that pitiful Jupiter.” (pg. 75)

Jupiter is the king of the gods and the god of the heavens and sky in Roman mythology. His weapon, mentioned in this quote, is a thunderbolt which he hurls at those who anger him. Conrad compares Kurtz to Jupiter because both have similar power over those who surround them. Also like this deity, Kurtz is in the possession of artillery, which to the natives of the Congo, would seem as daunting as Jupiter’s thunderbolts.

"Zeus definition of Zeus in the Free Online ." Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zeus

Photo Credit: Jupiter. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t631/T631138A.jpg

Symbolism

“These round knobs were not ornamental but symbolic…those heads on stakes…” (pg. 71)

Conrad uses these decapitated heads as symbols to represent the gruesome nature of not only the Congo and its people but of Kurtz. These heads, which belonged to so-called rebels, signify how Kurtz has lost his own sense of restraint and has allowed the darkness to consume him. In addition to this, it shows how the effects of colonization can work both ways; although settlers often have a modifying effect toward natives, the natives can have the same effect on outsiders, in this case altering Kurtz to uphold some of their own savage customs.

Harlequin

“He looked like a harlequin.” (pg. 64)

A harlequin is a comic character in theater who is usually depicted as wearing fanciful, multicolored garments. The harlequin appeared and became distinguished in the Italian movement commedia dell'arte where it was more or less a clown-like servant. Conrad uses the Russian man under Kurtz's employ to convey information about Kurtz to Marlow. Conrad describes this character as being harlequinesque because he essentially acts as Kurtz's servant.

"Harlequin Definition | Definition of Harlequin at Dictionary.com." Dictionary.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/harlequin

Photo Credit: Harlequin. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.carnivalofvenice.com/files/images/arlecchino.jpg

Secret Colonization

“…the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs…” (pg. 61)

During the late 19th century, Belgium was particularly interested in colonizing and introducing aspects of European civilization into the Congo. King Leopold II of Belgium was at the helm of this colonization, but following multiple unsuccessful schemes to take over the territory, he organized secret holding companies,disguised as humanitarian organizations, to ensure his rule over the land. Much like the nonfictional International African Association, the organization that Kurtz is responsible for is a front that enables the Company to benefit without being scrutinized. Conrad created this fictional organization to provide realism to the plot. During this time period, so many organizations with "humanitarian" prospects were being established that another, like the one in this book, probably wouldn't have phased anyone.

"The International African Association." Congo Free State. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/international-african-association.html

Sleeping Beauty

“The approach to this Kurtz grubbing for ivory in the wretched bush was best by as many dangers as though he had been an enchanted princess sleeping in a fabulous castle.” (pg. 52)

The latter part of this quote clearly alludes to the famous fairy tale, Sleeping Beauty. Conrad uses this metaphor to describe Kurtz because the treacherous hunt that Marlow undergoes to find him is much like the Prince’s treacherous trek to rescue the slumbering princess. In addition to this, this description foreshadows Kurtz’s deathbed at the close of the story.

Photo Credit: Sleeping Beauty. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Sleeping_beauty_by_Edward_Burne-Jones.jpg

Witch Doctor

“…the savage who was fireman…hard at work, at thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge.” (pg. 45)

The character described here is suggestive of what is more commonly referred to as a “witch doctor.” Witch doctors hold importance in most African tribes often being the most respected and knowledgeable individuals. They sometimes act as religious and political leaders, but their primary occupation is healing. Conrad describes the fireman as a typical witch doctor with patterns shaved into his hair and filed teeth, but he also makes the point to show how the fireman has adapted to the different cultures present in the Congo. His display of competence concerning steamboat machinery exemplifies how native peoples adjusted as the result of the colonization common to this time period.

"WikiAnswers - What function or purpose is a 'witch doctor' in african tribes." WikiAnswers. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_function_or_purpose_is_a_%27witch_doctor%27_in_african_tribes

Photo Credit: Witch Doctor. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://ingoodfaith.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/shona_witch_doctor.jpg

Cannibalism

“…cannibals…We had enlisted some of these chaps on the way for a crew.” (pg. 42)

Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating human flesh. Along the Congo River there are multiple tribes that are believed to be of cannibalistic nature. The Engombe tribe, for instance, lives along a portion of the river which has been named the abattoir, or slaughterhouse. Cannibalism, among other acts of violence, is one of the reasons why the Congo River has gained a reputation for being so mysterious and hazardous. Conrad included these carnivorous people not only to illustrate how dangerous the territory was, but also to show how some people would go to desperate measures to get what they wanted.

"Howstuffworks "How the Congo River Works"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/congo-river.htm/printable

El Dorado

“…the Eldorado Exploring Expedition…sordid buccaneers…To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no moral purpose at the back of it…” (pg. 36-37)

El Dorado, which means “the golden one” in Spanish, is a legendary city gilded in gold that many have sought for hundreds of years. In the 16th century, many explorations of the New World were solely established to discover this mythical, treasured city. During the many attempts of finding El Dorado, hundreds have perished. Conrad characterizes Kurtz with greedy qualities reminiscent of the Eldorado Exploring Expedition as well as the countless other El Dorado bound explorers. Rather than his hunger being bent on gold, though, he is infatuated by ivory. All he cares about is possessing as much, if not all, of the ivory in the vicinity. He even lives up to the latter portion of the quote because he literally "tears" ivory fossils "from the bowels of the land."

"Eldorado, The Mystical Place of Gold and Treasures." Welcome to the website of kaiku. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.kaiku.com/eldorado.html

Photo Credit: Eldorado. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/picture-1-41.png

Extraterrestrial Life

“I believed it in the same way one might believe there are inhabitants in the planet Mars…walking on all fours…” (pg. 32)

Obviously, during the 19th century, little was known about extraterrestrial life. However, during this time period there was much speculation and interest concerning alien life, yet the only thing that remotely related to it were characters from myth. The Congo River and its surrounding rainforests, for example, were known as the mysterious lands of mythical beasts. Later in the story, Marlow gives support to this belief by describing the region as “a prehistoric earth…an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.” By describing it as such, Conrad intensifies the setting and allows the reader to envision the obscurity of the region.

"Search For Alien Life No New Thing - Space News - redOrbit." RedOrbit. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1630742/search_for_alien_life_no_new_thing/

"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html

Mephistopheles

“…this papier-mâché Mephistopheles…” (pg. 31)

Mephistopheles is a common alias for the Devil. Satan, under this name, appeared in Christopher Marlowe’s play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, and in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play, Faust. Marlow uses this pseudonym to describe the brick maker because he is essentially a modern day Satan. The brick maker had been scheming to gain the power of assistant manager similarly to how Satan attempted to overthrow God. Conrad uses papier-mâché to metaphorically describe how “hollow” the brick maker is (probably as the result of his failure) as Marlow could “poke a forefinger through him, and find nothing inside but a little loose dirt…” This metaphor could also have served to describe the entire company, an organization that is intriguing from the outside, but is truly a sham.

"Mephistopheles: Encyclopedia - Mephistopheles." Global Oneness. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Mephistopheles/id/524767

Astraea

“…a woman, draped and blindfolded, carrying a torch.” (pg. 30)

This description closely resembles that of the Greek goddess of justice, Astraea. Astraea is commonly depicted as being blindfolded and holding the scales of justice in one hand and a sword in the other. According to myth, when mankind became wicked, she left earth and became the constellation Virgo. Conrad included the painting of Astraea to further explore Kurtz's persona. In a sense Kurtz represents the wickedness of man that originally drove Astraea from earth. By painting this picture, it almost seems that Kurtz is trying to attribute himself with justice, when really he is the root of its ruin.

"Origin of Lady of Justice." Legal History and Philosophy. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.commonlaw.com/Justice.html

Photo Credit: Astraea. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.latein-pagina.de/ovid/pic_ovid_1/iustitia2.jpg

"You can’t make bricks without straw"

“It seems he could not make bricks without something, I don’t know what—straw maybe.” (pg. 28-29)

“You can’t make bricks without straw,” is an idiom that simply means an endeavor cannot be accomplished correctly or successfully without the proper materials. Although today bricks are made from kiln-fired clay, they were once made of various organic materials that were sun-dried. This more primitive form of brick, called Adobe, made from a mixture of sand, clay, water, sticks, manure, and straw is where this expression derives. Conrad may have included this idiom not only for its humor, but perhaps to hint at Marlow’s enterprise which would not be complete without its own “straw,” his acquaintance with Kurtz.

"You can't make bricks without straw - Idioms - by the Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." Idioms and phrases. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/You+can%27t+make+bricks+without+straw

"Adobe." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe

Ivory

“The word ‘ivory’ rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it.” (pg. 27)

Ivory is a valuable material that closely resembles bone. It is a substance that is most commonly found in elephant tusks. For centuries, ivory has been a vastly desired product. It wasn’t until the 17th century that it became a widely traded commodity. However, with a great demand elapsing over 300 years, the supply became scarce and, in consequence, the elephant, from which the ivory came, became endangered. In recent years, the trade of raw ivory has become illegal. Ivory plays an essential role in this novella as it is a symbol for obsession and the object from which Kurtz’s madness spurs. Conrad included this material for cultural context purposes. It was during the late 19th century that the demand for ivory was at its highest.

"HowStuffWorks "Ivory"" Howstuffworks "Animals" Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/ivory-info.htm

Photo Credit: Ivory Trade. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg

Dante's Inferno

“My purpose was to stroll into the shade for a moment; but no sooner within that it seemed to me I had stepped into the gloomy circle of some Inferno.” (pg. 19)

This sentence is an allusion to the epic poem, Dante’s Inferno, or as it is otherwise known, the first part of The Divine Comedy. The poem entails the protagonist, Dante, making his way through the nine “circles,” or levels, of Hell in an attempt to discover God. Much like Marlow, Dante’s purpose is virtuous; he merely wants to ascend into heaven. However, Dante must endure a gruesome journey through the Inferno before achieving his goal, similarly to how Marlow must undergo hardship along the Congo. In addition to the comparison made between Marlow and Dante, Conrad's description of Marlow's descent into the Congo strikingly resembles the beginning of the epic poem; Dante thinks his approaching journey will be simple, but is greatly mistaken when he stumbles toward the “Gates of Hell,” just like Marlow thinks little of the dangers of his trip until he is engulfed by its darkness.

"Dante's Inferno - Main Page." Danteworlds. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/index2.html

"Inferno (Dante) -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)

Alienist

“Are you an alienist?” (pg. 13)

An alienist is essentially a psychiatrist, a physician who specializes in treating people with mental diseases. Before Marlow sets out into the Congo, the doctor that examines him is keenly interested with information concerning his mental state. Although this examination is just (it would seem normal for a doctor to ensure that individuals travelling into uncharted territories are fit enough for the journey) it is ironic that the doctor “measure[s] the crania of those going out there” because, once in the Congo, Marlow comes face to face with the shrunken heads of possible explorers from previous expeditions. Conrad includes this doctor's unorthodox conduct to foreshadow this later encounter.

"Alienist: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/alienist

Ave! Morituri te salutant.

“Ave! Old knitter of black wool. Morituri te salutant.” (pg. 12)

This phrase, which originally had “Caesar” in the place of “old knitter of black wool,” can be translated from Latin to English as “Hail...those who are about to die, salute you.” This saying was used by gladiators when addressing their emperor at the onset of a gladiatorial match. Marlow uses this phrase to express how risky his new endeavor will be and how uncertain the outcome will be. Because gladiatorial matches typically ended in the obliteration of the gladiators involved, the emperor was usually the last individual to see the victims, much like the two weavers who rarely saw the employers of the Company return. Although this phrase is seemingly unimportant, Conrad uses it to create a considerable amount of suspense surrounding Marlow and his ensuing journey.

"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant

The Fates

“Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knitting black wool.” (pg. 11)

These two weavers allude to the Fates, the Greek goddesses of destiny. In Greek mythology, the Fates are depicted as three old hags who weave the thread of life. Each of the Fates has her share in a person’s destiny; one spins the thread, the second measures the thread, and the third cuts the thread. Just before signing a contract to be employed under the Company, Marlow encounters these women. This eerie encounter makes it seem as though Marlow’s decision to venture into the Congo will be his demise. Fortunately for Marlow, Conrad included only two weavers, leaving a third absent from “cutting the thread.” This is a slight foreshadowing into Marlow’s ultimately safe voyage.

"Ave Caesar morituri te salutant: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/ave-caesar-morituri-te-salutant

Photo Credit: The Fates. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/RM/AGoldenThreadStrudwick.jpg

Whited Sepulchre

“…a city that always reminded me of a whited sepulchre.” (pg. 11)

The definition of “a whited sepulchre” is a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous. It seems that, although the city is being described, the metaphor could be referencing the Company that is based out of the city. There are multiple times in the story where Conrad describes the Company in vague detail, but in this instance, the reader is made aware of the Company's true malevolent nature. At this point, the reader is familiar with Marlow’s boyhood dreams of exploration, so when the opportunity is presented to him, it seems normal for him to be intrigued. The Company presents itself to Marlow with a righteous exterior intending to lure him in, but it is not until later, when he is immersed in the dangers of the Congo, that he realizes the Company’s “inward evil.”

"Whited sepulchre - definition of whited sepulchre by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whited+sepulchre

Fleet Street

“I went on along Fleet Street…” (pg. 9)

Fleet Street is a famous thoroughfare located in London, England. The street is best known for being the center of British journalism. Newspaper publishing began along this street as early as the 1500’s, and it wasn’t until recently that the street became more populated by law firms. This street has also become famous for its historical connection to the Knights Templar as it houses the organization’s headquarters. The Knights Templar was a secret society whose duty was to protect the Holy Land. Ironically, this quote follows the mentioning of a Company, which, as the reader eventually learns, has infiltrated the Congo River region in its search for ivory. Conrad hints a parallel between these two groups to exploit the covert schemes that they both share.

"Fleet Street -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Street

"Knights Templar -." Wikipedia. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar

Photo Credit: Fleet Street. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://photos.igougo.com/images/p339989-London-Fleet_Street.jpg

The Congo

“…a mighty big river…resembling an immense snake uncoiled…its tail lost in the depths of the land.” (pg. 9)

The river being alluded to here is obviously the Congo. The Congo River is Africa’s most powerful river and the area along its banks is known for its mysterious nature. The river, which is surrounded by dense, foreboding rainforest, starts out with a peaceful current but eventually becomes turbulent. A 75 mile long portion of the river is even referred to as the “Gates of Hell” due to its violent rapids. Conrad seems to have metaphorically described this river as a snake not only because of its appearance on a map, but because of its similar traits of being dangerous and enigmatic, thus making the Congo the perfect place from which “darkness” can expel.

"The Congo River." Rainforests. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html

Photo Credit: The Congo River. Digital image. Web. 12 Aug. 2009. http://kim.uing.net/files/media_file_11458.jpg

Imperialism

“The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves…” (pg. 7)

During the 19th century, many of the dominant countries of the world, including Belgium, pursued colonial expansion through imperialism. Nations wishing to expland often reached out to countries of different ethnicities for both commercial and nationalistic reasons. By the late 1800’s, much of Africa had been colonized. Conrad's reference to conquest not only gives insight into the time period, but also gives foresight into what Marlow will discover while navigating the Congo; colonization observed in Kurtz's control over a tribe of cannibals.

"British colonialism - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about British colonialism." Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/British+colonialism

The River Thames

“…nothing but Thames water to drink…death skulking in the air, in the water, in the bush. They must have been dying like flies here.” (pg. 6)

For centuries, the quality of the water of the River Thames had been under speculation. It wasn’t until the 1800’s that the river’s pollution came into question as being dangerous to the citizens that crowded its banks. Between 1831 and 1866, thirty-five thousand people were killed as the result of four cholera epidemics that could be linked to the water supply. Years of exposure to sewage systems and general pollution caused the Thames to be unsafe for consumption. Because Conrad alludes to such poor conditions, it can be concluded that Heart of Darkness takes place during the late 19th century, a time when the Thames would still have been unsuitable to drink and a potential threat to those who navigated it.

River Thames and boaty things. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.the-river-thames.co.uk/environ.htm

Photo Credit: The River Thames. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.loguk.com/life/images/2007/11/21/thames.jpg

Sir John Franklin

“…Sir John Franklin…the Erebus and Terror, bound on other conquests—and that never returned.” (pg. 5)

Sir John Franklin was another famous English explorer best known for his Arctic explorations and discovery of the Northwest Passage during the 1800’s. In 1845, Franklin and his crew made their journey from England to the Northern coasts of Canada aboard the ships Erebus and Terror to survey the land for an alternative route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. During the expedition, the ships became trapped in ice, and the crew was stranded never to return to England. A search party went out several years later only to discover that all crew members had died. Once again, Conrad mentions this historical figure to provide a background for Marlow's nautical passion.

"HowStuffWorks "Sir John Franklin"" Howstuffworks "History" Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://history.howstuffworks.com/polar-history/sir-john-franklin.htm

Photo Credit: Sir John Franklin and the Northwest Passage Expedition. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.expeterra.com/images/franklin.jpeg

Sir Francis Drake

“…the men of whom the nation is proud, from Sir Francis Drake…the Golden Hind returning with her round flanks full of treasure…” (pg. 5)

Sir Francis Drake was a famous explorer and naval captain during the Elizabethan era. In 1577 he was commissioned to lead an expedition around the world. While circumnavigating the globe, Drake captained the famous galleon, the Golden Hind, aboard which he obtained an immense fortune from various captured vessels; these treasures were estimated at £600,000, an astounding amount during this time period. Upon his return, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1588, Drake furthered his recognition by aiding the British in defeating the Spanish Armada. Drake is considered to be one of the greatest sailors and heroes of his time. Conrad mentions this historical figure because it adds depth to Marlow's character and his ambition to explore.

"Sir Francis Drake." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/drake.html

"The Voyage." Golden Hind. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/education/worksheets/voyage.html

Photo Credit: Sir Francis Drake. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/caribbean/francis-drake.jpg

Buddhism

“Marlow sat crossed-legged right aft…resembled an idol.” (pg. 4)

Conrad uses the iconic figure of the Buddha to describe Marlow not only because of his physical resemblance, but because Marlow has an inclination to tell stories of his past much like the Buddha does through his spiritual teachings. Buddhism is based on the teachings of its founder, Siddhartha Gautama. Gautama, who became enlightened after years of suffering, passed on his knowledge much like Marlow does when recounting his journey into the Congo. Conrad furthers the parallelism between Marlow and the Buddha when describing Kurtz. Marlow is essentially enlightened through his observation of Kurtz’s suffering (due to his attachment to ivory) which is similar to Gautama’s enlightenment after his years of suffering.

"What Is - An Introduction to Buddhism for Beginners." Buddhism. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/a/basicshub.htm

Photo Credit: Siddhartha Gautama. Digital image. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://ttsworld.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/buddha.jpg

Gravesend

“The air was dark above Gravesend..." (pg. 3)

Gravesend is a town located on the southern bank of the River Thames in the English county of Kent. Due to its orientation along the highly trafficked river and its existence dating as far back as 1086, Gravesend has become historically renowned as a shipping port. For centuries it was a center for tourism and commerce as seafaring travelers made their way east from London. Conrad references this town probably because of its foreboding sounding name. If broken into two parts, grave-send, the town becomes a foreshadowing device saying that those who travel to the Congo are journeying toward their graves.

"History Of Gravesend." Kent Business Directory - Free Business Listings. Web. 11 Aug. 2009. http://www.kentfind.co.uk/about/gravesend/history.php

Photos Cited - Frankenstein

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"Mutability." Internal.org. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.internal.org/view_poem.phtml?poemID=311

"Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509044_20/native_americans_of_middle_and_south_america.html

"Numa Pompilius (king of Rome)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422258/Numa-Pompilius

"Orlando Furioso -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Furioso

"Pandemonium." Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pandemonium&searchmode=none

"Paracelsus." Www.kirjasto.sci.fi. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/parace.htm

"Paradise Lost: Short Summary." Paradise Lost Study Guide. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.paradiselost.org/5-sum-short.html

"Philosophers Stone, Alchemy - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/philosopherstone.html

"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner

"Robin Hood: Biography from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/robin-hood

"Romulus." Encyclopedia Mythica. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/r/romulus.html

"Ruins of Empire." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. .

"Saint George: Definition from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/saint-george

"Sinbad the Sailor -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor

"SOLON." World History. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/ppersons1_n2/solon.html

"Stoicism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

"Syndic - definition of syndic by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia." The Free Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/syndic

"Theseus, Greek mythology." Greece Travel Greek islands History and Mythology. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/theseus.htm

"Tobacco Alcohol and Caffeine?Centuries of Use - Alcohol." Library Index. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2090/Alcohol-Tobacco-Caffeine-Centuries-Use-ALCOHOL.html

"University of Ingolstadt." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/V1notes/univers.html

"What is the Truth About Hell Fire?" The Bible Truth About Hades and Hell Fire. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thetruthabouthell.net/

"William Shakespeare - Biography and Works." The Literature Network. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/

Lucifer, the Archangel

“…the archangel who aspired to omnipotence…chained in an eternal hell.” (pg. 261)

An archangel is a high ranking celestial being. In this quote, the archangel being alluded to is Lucifer who was exiled from Heaven after his uprising against God and sent to the depths of Hell. Although he was banished from Heaven, he “aspired to omnipotence,” or rose to power, as the ruler of the underworld. Since his fall, the former archangel has become more commonly referred to as Satan or the Devil. Shelley compares Frankenstein to Satan because both were formerly reputable men, but because both defied the natural state of being they were forced to live lives of misery.

"LUCIFER." JewishEncyclopedia.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L

Photo Credit: Satan. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/images-3/satan.jpg

Martyrdom

“…that haughty fierceness, which the martyrs of old are said to have possessed.” (pg. 248)

A martyr is a person who willingly suffers death as an alternative to renouncing his or her religious beliefs. Throughout history there have been numerous martyrs all testifying to a range of different religions. Martyrdom doesn’t necessarily have to be affiliated with religion, but can involve sacrifice for a certain cause. Some of the most recognizable martyrs in history include Jesus Christ, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. Shelley classifies Frankenstein as a martyr after he changes his life around and devotes himself to the pursuit of the Creature.

"Martyr Definition." Dictionary.com. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martyr

King Charles II

“The memory of that unfortunate king…” (pg. 195)

Charles II was the king of Great Britain and Ireland following his father’s, King Charles I, execution. He is referred to as the “unfortunate king” because of the struggles he encountered during his reign. He presided as king during the Restoration period when the British monarchies were reestablished following the failure of the English Commonwealth. His reign was also beset by conflicts between the Anglicans, Catholics, and nonconformists as well as the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London. The misfortunes of this king can be compared to those of Frankenstein; his intentions were of good nature, but they regrettably came at a price. Shelley references Charles II not only to make a comparison with Frankenstein, but also to add depth and realism to the story.

"Charles II (king of Great Britain and Ireland)." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106788/Charles-II

"Charles II of England." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England#Great_Plague_and_Fire

Photo Credit: King Charles II. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/02/charles_ii_of_england.jpg

Chinese Water Torture

“…the torture of single drops of water continually falling on the head.” (pg.194)

Chinese water torture was a method of torture that began being used as early as the 16th century. This type of punishment involved victims being immobilized and cold water dripped incessantly onto their foreheads. The objective of this method of torture was to drive the victims insane. Shelley makes reference to this because it captures the essence of Frankenstein's life following his creature's formation; watching his family perish at the hand of his creation is much like the slow, agonizing pain of Chinese water torture.

"Chinese water torture -." Wikipedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_water_torture

The Rhine River

“…the Rhine…becomes much more picturesque. The river descends rapidly, and winds between hills, not high, but steep, and of beautiful forms…ruined castles standing on the edges of precipices, surrounded by black woods, high and inaccessible.” (pg. 189)

The Rhine River is one of the most important waterways in Germany. It extends from Switzerland, through the western part of Germany, and empties into the North Sea through the Netherlands. This river is a fundamental geographical feature to central Europe serving as both a shipping and transportation route. In addition to its use, the river’s banks are crowded with ornate castles. The elaborate description of the Rhine River region functions as a relief from the dark and foreboding mood that Shelley had set for the Creature’s pursuit.

"CE 397 Transboundary Water Resources." Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce397/Topics/Rhine/Rhine.htm

Photo Credit: The Rhine River. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.castle-liebenstein.com/pictures/maps/rhine-valley-map400.jpg

The Hypocrites of Dante's Inferno

“…Dante’s iron cowl on the heads of the hellish hypocrites…” (pg. 178)

Dante’s Inferno is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri that follows the character, Dante, on his journey through Hell. This quote references a scene from the thirteenth canto, or chapter, where Dante encounters the hypocrites, a group of people sent to Hell for the sin of hypocrisy. As punishment for their sins, these individuals must wear cloaks with stunning exteriors but interiors lined with lead signifying their crime. The personality and lifestyle that Shelley characterizes Frankenstein with resembles these troubled souls; like them, he must forever carry the burden of his craft.

"The Divine Comedy: Inferno by Dante Alighieri - Summaries and Commentaries." Yahoo! Education. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://education.yahoo.com/homework_help/cliffsnotes/the_divine_comedy_inferno/71.html

Photo Credit: The Hypocrites - Dante's Inferno. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://davelafferty.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/hypocrites.jpg

South America

“…fly from the habitations of man, to dwell in those wilds where the beasts of the field will be your only companions…the most savage of places.” (pg. 175)

During this time period, little was known about South America. Up until the 18th century, there had been several expeditions made by countries from the western world including Spain and Portugal. The continent, which was predominately covered by rainforest was populated with various tribes of indigenous people. According to the explorers, the natives were often savage and wary of outsiders. Shelley obviously chose this destination for the Creature because of its barbaric qualities; however, this choice also seems intentional due to the fact that there are still people abiding there. Shelley wanted to emphasize that, no matter where the Creature ventured, he would never be void of human contact.

"Native Americans of Middle and South America - MSN Encarta." MSN Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701509044_20/native_americans_of_middle_and_south_america.html

Adam and Eve

“…I was alone. I remembered Adam’s supplication to his Creator; but where was mine?” (pg. 155)

According to the Book of Genesis, God created Adam before Eve. Adam’s purpose was to look after the world, and God created animals so that Adam would not be alone. However, God realized that Adam needed a human partner and thus created Eve. Frankenstein’s monster compares himself to Adam in order to express his desire for a companion. Shelley references this biblical myth because Adam and Eve represent the epitome of a relationship and it shows that all creatures deserve partners. Yet, in the case of the Creature, who has a stressed relationship with his creator (unlike Adam did with God), the chances of being blessed with a partner are improbable.

"Adam and Eve - Myth Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia of Myths. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/A-Am/Adam-and-Eve.html

Photo Credit: Adam and Eve. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/Advent/Adam&Eve.jpg

Legendary Political Figures

“…led to admire peaceable law-givers, Numa, Solon, and Lycurgus, in preference to Romulus and Theseus.” (pg. 152)








Numa Pompilius reigned as the second king of Rome from 715 to 673 BC. He was known for his peaceful manner and his religious contributions. Solon was one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He was an Athenian statesmen and lawmaker whose reforms helped in laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. Lycurgus is often referred to as the Father of Sparta. He was the lawgiver who founded the Spartan constitution.

Shelley exploits the fact that the Creature aspires to be like these reputable political figures. However, since the Creature is known for his recklessness, Shelley makes sure to include individuals that he can be more closely associated with, leaders with similar aggressive reputations.




Romulus, who was the first king of Rome and its namesake, was known for his hostile temperament. His reign, which commenced with the killing of his brother Remus, was successful but riddled with conflict. Theseus is a legendary hero who was also the king of Athens. He came into power on account of his aggression, battling numerous mythical beasts.

"Numa Pompilius (king of Rome)." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422258/Numa-Pompilius

"SOLON." World History. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/ppersons1_n2/solon.html

"Lycurgus (of Sparta)." Ninemsn Encarta. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575180/Lycurgus_(of_Sparta).html

"Romulus." Encyclopedia Mythica. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/r/romulus.html

"Theseus, Greek mythology." Greece Travel Greek islands History and Mythology. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/theseus.htm

Photo Credit: Numa Pompilius. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/numa.jpg

Solon. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.schillerinstitute.org/graphics/photos/hist_other/Solon.jpg

Lycurgus of Sparta. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lycurgus.jpg

Romulus. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/romulus.jpg

Theseus. Digital image. Web. 14 Aug. 2009. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/legends/greece/minotaur-theseus.jpg

Paradise Lost

“…the books…consisted of Paradise Lost…” (pg. 150-151)

Paradise Lost is an epic poem written by John Milton. In the poem Satan, who was once an angel, is cast away from Heaven after making an opposition against God. Once ostracized, Satan seeks revenge by enticing the innocent Eve to the eat forbidden fruit. As the result of Eve’s consumption of the forbidden fruit, she and her counterpart, Adam, are banished from the Garden of Eden. Shelley references this famous poem because Satan’s fall from power and Adam and Eve’s expulsion from Paradise are strikingly similar to Frankenstein’s fall after creating his monster. Frankenstein’s experiments defy normality and contradict nature causing him to stray from the good of humankind.

"Paradise Lost: Short Summary." Paradise Lost Study Guide. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.paradiselost.org/5-sum-short.html

Photo Credit: The Garden of Eden. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.oilpaintingshop.com/janbrueghel/4.jpg

Ruins of Empires

“The book from which Felix instructed… was Volney’s Ruins of Empires…” (pg. 139)

Ruins of Empires, written by French philosopher C.F. Volney, is a radical document that analyzes the ideologies of the world dating to the French Revolution. It is said that, due to the revolutionary nature of this work, those who studied it were influenced to have a general distaste for human culture. Shelley purposely incorporated this extremist book to give added depth to the monster’s skewed perspective on human civilization.

"Ruins of Empire." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/V2notes/ruins.html

Pandæmonium

“…as exquisite and divine a retreat as Pandæmonium appeared to the dæmons of hell after their sufferings in the lake of fire.” (pg. 121)

In the epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Pandæmonium is the capital of Hell. It is here that Satan and all of his peers reign supremely over those that are inferior in the underworld. Surrounding the palace at the capital’s center is said to be the Lake of Hellfire, the place where tormented souls are cast. Shelley references this place as being a safe haven for Frankenstein's creation because he is as much of a monster as the demons who reside there.

"Pandemonium." Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pandemonium&searchmode=none

"What is the Truth About Hell Fire?" The Bible Truth About Hades and Hell Fire. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.thetruthabouthell.net/

Photo Credit: Pandemonium. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://roma.theoffside.com/files/2007/10/pandemonium2.JPG

Mutability

“We rest; a dream has power to poison sleep…Man’s yesterday may ne’er be like his morrow; Nought may endure but mutability.” (pg. 111)

These lines come from the poem Mutability written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. Shelley includes this poem in her novel because the subject matter resembles the plot of Frankenstein. The “dream” that “poisons sleep” corresponds to Frankenstein and his recurrent nightmares that focus on the Creature. The “thought” that “pollutes the day” is analogous to Frankenstein’s constant fear of his creation’s reign of terror. The line including “cast our cares away” is much like Frankenstein’s descent into selfishness where he is no longer as concerned with his loved ones, but obsessed with the monster he manufactured. Lastly, “man’s yesterday…ne’er being like his morrow” relates to the contrast between the innocent lifestyle Frankenstein has before his experiment and the tumultuous lifestyle he has afterward.

"Mutability." Internal.org. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.internal.org/view_poem.phtml?poemID=311

Cato the Younger

“Even Cato wept over the dead body of his brother.” (pg. 77)

Cato the Younger was a politician and statesmen for the Roman Republic. He is noted for his stubborn attitude and his opposition toward Julius Caesar. Cato was also a follower of the Stoics, who resisted emotional stresses; however, when his beloved half-brother, Caepio, died, he was stricken with immense grief. Shelley establishes Frankenstein essentially as the reverse persona of Cato; when he is expected to grieve as Cato did, he assumes a more stubborn attitude.

"Cato the Younger: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article." AbsoluteAstronomy.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Cato_the_Younger

Photo Credit: Cato the Younger. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/C/h/2/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_Major.jpg

Stoicism

“Those maxims of the Stoics…” (pg. 77)

Stoicism was a philosophical movement that was widespread during the fourth, third, and second centuries BC. The Stoics believed that emotions, such as fear, envy, and love, resulted from false judgment. Due to this belief, the Stoics were often depicted as being calm and impassive. At this point in the story Shelley has developed a considerable amount of commotion with William's murder. Shelley uses this occurrence, which would normally cause distress, to emphasize Frankenstein's indifference, or stoical behavior, as he is transfixed by his creation.

"Stoicism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Sinbad the Sailor

“I was like the Arabian who had been buried with the dead, and found a passage to life aided only by one glimmering, and seemingly ineffectual light.” (pg. 50)

This quote is an allusion to Sinbad the Sailor, a notable hero from the Arabic collection of folk tales called the Arabian Nights. Sinbad, over the course of the tale, undertakes seven voyages. On the fourth voyage, referenced here, Sinbad is trapped in an underground tomb alongside his deceased wife. After several days of being stranded, Sinbad finally finds an escape route. Shelley draws a connection between Frankenstein and Sinbad in that they both have escape routes. Frankenstein's escape route, however, differs from Sinbad's in that his is metaphorical. Frankenstein could have completely avoided the repercussions of his creation if he had stopped himself from making the Creature in the first place. Unfortunately, Frankenstein chooses to follow a different route, a path that he will quickly regret taking.

"Sinbad the Sailor -." Wikipedia. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor

The University of Ingolstadt

“…I should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt.” (pg. 38)

The University of Ingolstadt was established in 1472 bearing a range of academic studies for its students; these included humanities, science, theology, law, and medicine. The school was well equipped with medical supplies and housed such facilities as an anatomy theater and a chemistry lab. Shelley placed Frankenstein in this environment because it was ideal for Frankenstein’s realm of study and was key in jump starting his scientific ambitions. In addition to this, the University of Ingolstadt was where the Illuminati, a secret society of conspirators, was founded. Shelley may not have explicitly mentioned the Illuminati, but her intentions were to make a comparison between Frankenstein and the secret society as both kept their schemes under wraps.

"University of Ingolstadt." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/V1notes/univers.html

"Contexts -- Societies -- Illuminati." English Department - University Of Pennsylvania. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Contexts/illumin.html

The Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life

“…the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life.” (pg. 34)

The philosopher’s stone is a legendary object that has been the pursuit of countless alchemists for centuries. It is claimed that this substance has the ability to turn worthless metals into gold. The elixir of life is a powerful potion that is believed to give the consumer immortality. This substance was as equally sought after by alchemists as the philosopher’s stone. However, since both materials are of myth, they have never been found. Shelley includes these two legendary objects to show how Frankenstein becomes interested in “banish[ing] disease from the human frame, and render[ing] man invulnerable,” a fascination that quickly becomes his objective in creating the monster.

"Philosophers Stone, Alchemy - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/philosopherstone.html

"Elixir of life: Information from Answers.com." Answers.com. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/elixir-of-life-2

Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus

“…Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus.” (pg. 34)

Paracelsus is considered to be one of the fathers of modern medicine. He was a Swiss physician and alchemist, and he has been credited with introducing chemistry to medicine. One of his greatest achievements is his discovery of the medicinal uses of opium and mercury.

Albertus Magnus is considered to be the greatest philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He is famous for having effectively brought science and religion into coexistence during his time. Shelley references these men of science in order to give Frankenstein’s scientific knowledge depth and to give the reader insight into his future scientific research and experiments.

"Paracelsus." Www.kirjasto.sci.fi. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/parace.htm

"Albertus Magnus - Crystalinks." Crystalinks Metaphysical and Science Website. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.crystalinks.com/mangus.html


Photo Credit: Paracelsus. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://ar.utmb.edu/ar/Portals/5/images/blocker/Portraits/paracelsus.jpg

Albertus Magnus. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0253.jpg

The Chimera

“…possessed much greater powers than the ancient…powers of the latter were chimerical…” (pg. 33)

Although the word “chimerical” is meant to describe something derived from imagination and illusion, it also alludes to the Chimera, a horrendous beast from Greek mythology. According to myth, the Chimera, which devastated the land, was made of three different creatures – a lion, a goat, and a serpent. Shelley probably used the chimera as a mold for the Creature's character considering that both are made of a motley of different parts and both terrorize the land.

"Chimera, Chimaera: Mythical Creature, Beast of Mythology :Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm." Lady Gryphon's Mythical Realm. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.mythicalrealm.com/creatures/chimera.html

Photo Credit: Chimera. Digital image. Web. 13 Aug. 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/04-05/images/chimera.jpg