Atomic Bomb Hiroshima. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://whyfiles.org/020radiation/images/mushroom.jpg.
Charlemagne. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.searchingthescriptures.net/main_pages/articles/instrumental_music_in_church/artwork/charlemagne.jpg.
New Harmony Utopia. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/New_Harmony_by_F._Bate_%28View_of_a_Community%2C_as_proposed_by_Robert_Owen%29_printed_1838.jpg.
Oliver Cromwell. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://endiscomingblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/oliver_cromwell_1599_1658_hi.jpg.
Pyramid of Capitalist System. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.png.
Rumpelstiltskin. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/illustrations/rumpelstiltskin/images/crane_rumple1.jpg.
Saint Sebastian. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/r/rubens/rubens_st_sebastian.jpg.
Thomas Nast. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.gho-englisch.de/Archive/2004/Feb_04/nast_thomas.jpg.
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
Works Cited - 1984
"BBC - History - Historic Figures: Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658)." BBC - Homepage. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtml.
Bellis, Mary. "History of the Atomic Bomb and The Manhattan Project." Inventors. Web. 11 May 2010. http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm.
"Capitalism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9020150.
"Charlemagne | King of the Franks | Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire." Lucidcafé Interactive Café and Information Resource. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96apr/charlemagne.html.
"The History of Plastic Surgery, ASPS and PSEF." American Society of Plastic Surgeons: The Resource for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.plasticsurgery.org/About_ASPS/History_of_Plastic_Surgery.html.
"Inquisition." Inicio. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/vatican_holyinquisition02.htm.
"The Neolithic Age." March of the Titans. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.white-history.com/hwr3.htm.
Online, Catholic. "St. Sebastian - Saints & Angels." Catholic Online. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=103.
"Oranges and Lemons Rhyme." Nursery Rhymes Lyrics, Origins and History. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.rhymes.org.uk/oranges_and_lemons.htm.
"Proletariat." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9061526.
"Study Guide for Rumpelstiltskin." Index. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.marilynkinsella.org/Study%20Guides%20and%20info/Study%20Guide%20for%20Rumpelstiltskin.htm.
"Thomas Nast." The Civil War. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/Thomas_Nast.htm.
"Utopia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 May 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9074563.
"Utopia." THE BRITISH LIBRARY - The World's Knowledge. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/utopia.html.
"What Is Class." Class Action. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.classism.org/WhatIsClass.php.
"Who Killed Cock Robin Rhyme." Nursery Rhymes Lyrics, Origins and History. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.rhymes.org.uk/who_killed_cock_robin.htm.
Bellis, Mary. "History of the Atomic Bomb and The Manhattan Project." Inventors. Web. 11 May 2010. http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm.
"Capitalism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 11 May 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9020150.
"Charlemagne | King of the Franks | Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire." Lucidcafé Interactive Café and Information Resource. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96apr/charlemagne.html.
"The History of Plastic Surgery, ASPS and PSEF." American Society of Plastic Surgeons: The Resource for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.plasticsurgery.org/About_ASPS/History_of_Plastic_Surgery.html.
"Inquisition." Inicio. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/vatican_holyinquisition02.htm.
"The Neolithic Age." March of the Titans. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.white-history.com/hwr3.htm.
Online, Catholic. "St. Sebastian - Saints & Angels." Catholic Online. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=103.
"Oranges and Lemons Rhyme." Nursery Rhymes Lyrics, Origins and History. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.rhymes.org.uk/oranges_and_lemons.htm.
"Proletariat." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9061526.
"Study Guide for Rumpelstiltskin." Index. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.marilynkinsella.org/Study%20Guides%20and%20info/Study%20Guide%20for%20Rumpelstiltskin.htm.
"Thomas Nast." The Civil War. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/Thomas_Nast.htm.
"Utopia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 May 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9074563.
"Utopia." THE BRITISH LIBRARY - The World's Knowledge. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/utopia.html.
"What Is Class." Class Action. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.classism.org/WhatIsClass.php.
"Who Killed Cock Robin Rhyme." Nursery Rhymes Lyrics, Origins and History. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.rhymes.org.uk/who_killed_cock_robin.htm.
The Inquisition
“In the Middle Ages there was the Inquisition.” (Page 329)
Inquisition is a term used to describe the institutions established by the Roman Catholic church centuries ago to combat or suppress heresy. Beginning in the twelfth century and even earlier, the Roman Catholics, who are known for their strict formalities, were very concerned with individuals who bore any controversial or novel religious beliefs and thus felt compelled to persecute them for their so called “heretics.” The Inquisition, it is said, was not used solely to “punish and correct” those with varying beliefs, but also to invoke “terror” in the public in order to “wean them away from the evils they would commit.” Orwell chose to include this reference because of its resemblance to Big Brother. Both institutions are described as being devoted to ridding the world of nonconformists. While the Inquisition sought to convict heretics, Big Brother seeks to convict thought criminals. This allusion alone leads the reader to believe that Orwell was essentially creating a modern day Inquisition.
"Inquisition." Inicio. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/vatican_holyinquisition02.htm.
Inquisition is a term used to describe the institutions established by the Roman Catholic church centuries ago to combat or suppress heresy. Beginning in the twelfth century and even earlier, the Roman Catholics, who are known for their strict formalities, were very concerned with individuals who bore any controversial or novel religious beliefs and thus felt compelled to persecute them for their so called “heretics.” The Inquisition, it is said, was not used solely to “punish and correct” those with varying beliefs, but also to invoke “terror” in the public in order to “wean them away from the evils they would commit.” Orwell chose to include this reference because of its resemblance to Big Brother. Both institutions are described as being devoted to ridding the world of nonconformists. While the Inquisition sought to convict heretics, Big Brother seeks to convict thought criminals. This allusion alone leads the reader to believe that Orwell was essentially creating a modern day Inquisition.
"Inquisition." Inicio. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/vatican_holyinquisition02.htm.
Utopianism
“...the Utopianism of past ages.” (Page 279)
A utopia is essentially a perfect world, an ideal society that possesses a seemingly perfect social, political, and legal system. For centuries, human beings have dreamt of establishing such idealistic worlds with no conflict, hunger, or anguish. Whether or not this type of society is realistically possible has been the subject of debate. Although there have been countless attempts throughout history to establish utopias, with Socialism being one of the more prominent, such visionary reform has been deemed practically impossible or impossibly idealistic. Orwell references utopianism in order to create a contrast between it and the dystopian society he has established in 1984. Like other parts of history, utopias are made to be considered a thing of the past which suggests that universal peace and happiness is inconceivable. Because Orwell sets up a dystopia, one that is evidently relentless, the reader is led to believe, like Winston does at the conclusion of the story, that life will continue in this way maintaining its negativity, warfare and a totalitarian government.
"utopia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 May 2010 http://www.search.eb.com.prxy2.ursus.maine.edu/eb/article-9074563.
"Utopia." THE BRITISH LIBRARY - The World's Knowledge. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/utopia/utopia.html.
New Harmony Utopia. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/New_Harmony_by_F._Bate_%28View_of_a_Community%2C_as_proposed_by_Robert_Owen%29_printed_1838.jpg.
Social Class
“The aims of these three groups are entirely irreconcilable. The aim of the High is to remain where they are. The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have an aim...is to abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all men shall be equal.” (Page 277)
Since the beginning of human history, there has existed the concept of social class. Although the determining factors of class have changed over the years, the overall concept usually takes into consideration a person’s income and consequential wealth, education, and power. Social class is also usually dependent upon culture, and thus many countries, such as India with its caste system, still govern themselves based on their citizens’ social status. Despite the various differentiations that have occurred throughout history, class systems have invariably maintained the stereotypical “upper, middle, and lower” classes. The above description of social class is based on 1984’s society. Rather than being about occupation and income, as it is typically regarded, Orwell bases this class system on competition. While this excerpt hints that the society of the novel is somewhat similar to what we, as readers, are used to, it also shows how vastly different it is. Instead of having the upper and middle classes epitomize success, wealth or hard work, Orwell portrays these groups as being greedy (which, of course, relates to Big Brother’s mentality). Likewise, the lower class is portrayed as a group of revolutionaries instead of a group of poverty-stricken individuals.
"What Is Class." Class Action. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.classism.org/WhatIsClass.php.
Since the beginning of human history, there has existed the concept of social class. Although the determining factors of class have changed over the years, the overall concept usually takes into consideration a person’s income and consequential wealth, education, and power. Social class is also usually dependent upon culture, and thus many countries, such as India with its caste system, still govern themselves based on their citizens’ social status. Despite the various differentiations that have occurred throughout history, class systems have invariably maintained the stereotypical “upper, middle, and lower” classes. The above description of social class is based on 1984’s society. Rather than being about occupation and income, as it is typically regarded, Orwell bases this class system on competition. While this excerpt hints that the society of the novel is somewhat similar to what we, as readers, are used to, it also shows how vastly different it is. Instead of having the upper and middle classes epitomize success, wealth or hard work, Orwell portrays these groups as being greedy (which, of course, relates to Big Brother’s mentality). Likewise, the lower class is portrayed as a group of revolutionaries instead of a group of poverty-stricken individuals.
"What Is Class." Class Action. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.classism.org/WhatIsClass.php.
The Atomic Bomb
“What is more remarkable is that all three powers already possess, in the atomic bomb, a weapon far more powerful than any that their present researches are likely to discover.” (Page 270)
The atomic bomb is considered to be the most powerful weapon known to man. In the midst of World War II, the United States Government undertook a very serious enterprise, “The Manhattan Project,” in which they became committed to perfecting the production of an atomic bomb. After countless tests, in 1945, two forms of the the fated nuclear weapon were used in warfare, one in Hiroshima and the other in Nagasaki. Although their detonations brought the close of the war, they introduced the term “weapons of mass destruction” and thus brought fear into the lives of many. Orwell includes this reference because of its cultural impact. It is interesting to point out that Orwell published this novel in 1949 making it obvious that the atomic bomb would be considered the most dangerous weapon seeing as how it had only been around for less than a decade. However, Orwell had enough forethought to realize that this technology was not going to be surpassed in the near future which explains why “present researchers [were not] likely to discover a weapon more powerful.”
Bellis, Mary. "History of the Atomic Bomb and The Manhattan Project." Inventors. Web. 11 May 2010. http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/atomic_bomb.htm.
Atomic Bomb Hiroshima. Digital image. Web. 11 May 2010. http://whyfiles.org/020radiation/images/mushroom.jpg.
The Neolithic Age
“...since the end of the Neolithic Age...” (Page 260)
The Neolithic Age was a time of cultural prosperity that began sometime around 10,000 BC. This time period marked the end of the Stone Age and encompassed a development in human technology with crop cultivation and animal domestication - an overall rise in farming. Although Orwell references the Neolithic Age within Goldstein’s novel embedded in the plot of 1984, the allusion has a direct connection to Orwell’s dystopian society. Just as the Neolithic Age presented a new variance in culture with its shift from a society of hunter-gatherers to settled agriculturalists, the people of 1984 experience a shift from, as Winston remembers, free individuals to oppressed individuals. Orwell makes a point of showing that, similarly to how early humans lost their primitive instincts, the people of Oceania are forced into losing their former morals and actions.
"The Neolithic Age." March of the Titans. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.white-history.com/hwr3.htm.
The Neolithic Age was a time of cultural prosperity that began sometime around 10,000 BC. This time period marked the end of the Stone Age and encompassed a development in human technology with crop cultivation and animal domestication - an overall rise in farming. Although Orwell references the Neolithic Age within Goldstein’s novel embedded in the plot of 1984, the allusion has a direct connection to Orwell’s dystopian society. Just as the Neolithic Age presented a new variance in culture with its shift from a society of hunter-gatherers to settled agriculturalists, the people of 1984 experience a shift from, as Winston remembers, free individuals to oppressed individuals. Orwell makes a point of showing that, similarly to how early humans lost their primitive instincts, the people of Oceania are forced into losing their former morals and actions.
"The Neolithic Age." March of the Titans. Web. 11 May 2010. http://www.white-history.com/hwr3.htm.
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